Abd al-Mumin. 1094-1163. Founded Almohad Empire in north Africa and Spain. Massacred Almoravids.

Adams, Samuel. 1722-1803. US Revolutionary: -“No taxation without representation”.

Adler, Alfred. 1870-1937. Austrian psychiatrist. Split with Freud, 1911.

Adrian VI. 1459-1523. Only Dutch pope 1522-. Taught Erasmus.

Afghanistan. c200BC Aryan. 6C BC Achaemenid. 330 Alexander...Seleucid/ Maurya. 2C BC Persia/ India/ Parthia/ Kushan. 7C Arab (NW). 750 Persia (W)/ Hindu (E). 1219 Mongol...Timurid. 1525 Mogul. 1737 Persia. 1747 Monarchy. 19 C Britain/Russia dispute 1880 British suzerainty. 1919 Independent. 1973 Marxist coup, Republic. 1978 Communist coup. 1979 Russian occupation. 1989 Mujahideen expel Russians aided by CIA. 1990s Warlords. 2001 US attack Taliban.

Alba Longa. Italian birthplace of Romulus and Remus. Oldest Latin city (1152BC).

Albania. Balkans. 3-5C Visigoth, Huns invade. 6-7C Bulgars, Serbs, Slavs invade.12-15C Bulgar, Norman, Angevin, Serb, Venice contest.15C Ottoman. 1912 Independent republic. 1928 Monarchy (Zog). 1939 Italy occupies. 1945 Communist (Hoxha). 1961 Left Warsaw Pact. 1991 Democratic Constitution.

Alchemy. Magic art of Egyptian origin attempting to transmute metals, esp lead to gold. Based on belief that all metals are a pure base metal + impurities which the philosopher’s stone can remove.

Alcibiades. c450-404BC. Athenian egoist general, Peloponnesian War. Murdered.

Alden, John. c1599-1687. Pilgrim father. Married Priscilla Mullens.

Ali. 4th Caliph, 656-661. Son-in-law of Muhammad. Succession led to Sunni/Shi’ite split. Moslem Civil War.

Alien Registration Act. 1940. Outlaws advocating violent overthrow of US government. Extended to include all advocates of Communism. McCarthy.

Alliance for Progress. 1961. Coordination of Latin American economies, resistance to communism.

Amana Colonies. 1855. Successful Pietist communes in Iowa.

Ambrose, St. c340-397. Bishop of Milan. Introduced Plainsong (chant) into church music.

Amistad Affair. 1841. Slaves mutiny on Spanish ship. Sail to US. Declared free by US court.

Amorites. 1900-1600BC. Babylonian civilization conquered Sumerians. Hammurabi.

Amundsen, Roald. 1872-1928. Norwegian explorer, first to South Pole, 1911; NW Passage, 1906.

Anarchism, Communistic. Marxist revolutionary version of anarchism that seeks to overthrow the state. Bakunin. Kropotkin. Assassinated: Sadi-Carnot, Empress Elizabeth, Umberto I, McKinley.

Anderson, Carl. 1905-91. US discovered positron, muon.

Andorra. Ibericbasc. Greeks/Carthaginians/Romans/Visigoths 8C Muslim. 803 Charlemagne. 1133 Bishop of Urgell. 1159 Fiefdom of Foix. 1278- Principality under joint French, Spanish suzerainty. 1993 Constitution. Coprincipality.

Angelico, Fra. c1400-55. Florentine classical colorist painter: Convent of St. Mark. Madonna and Angel Musicians 1433.

Annual Register. 1759-. English political record. Burke.

Antarctica. 1773 Cook explores seas. 1820 first sighted. Bransfield. 1821 first landing-Davis. 1911 Amundsen first to S Pole.

Anti-Comintern Pact. 1936. Germany and Japan oppose International Communism. Axis.

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