Smith, Ian. 1919-. S.Rhodesian Prime Minister 1964-79. Unilateral Declaration of Independence. 1965. Fought black rights.

Smuts, Jan. 1870-1950. Boer general, Prime Minister of South Africa 1919~48.

Somme, Battle of the. WWI. 1916. Allied victory with 1M casualties, minor gain. First use of tank. 1918. German victory.

Soranus. 1-2C. Greek gynecologist. Described contraception. Dominated medicine 1500 years.

Spaak, Paul. 1899-1972. Belgian Prime Minister. First President of UN General assembly. EEC, Benelux, NATO.

Spallanzani, Lazzaro. 1729-99. Ended the belief in spontaneous generation of life. Artificial insemination 1780.

Sparta. 9C BC-396. A dominant Greek city-state 6-4C BC. Peloponnesian War defeated rival Athens. 396 Visigoths destroy.

Spinoza, Baruch. 1632-77. Dutch Rationalist philosopher. Criticized scriptures. Excommunicated by Jews. God and nature are one. Determinist. Pantheist. God and Nature 1659. Ethics 1665.

St Laurent, Louis. 1882-1973 Canadian Liberal Prime Minister 1948-57. St Lawrence Seaway. Old Age Security.

Stamboliyski, Aleksandur. 1879-1923. Bulgarian Prime Minister, Dictator 1919-. Killed in right-wing coup.

Stambolov, Stefan. 1854-95. Bulgarian regent 1886-7. Prime Minister 1887-94. Dismissed by Ferdinand, murdered.

Standard Time. 1884. Standardized one hour divisions from Greenwich. Fleming.

Stein, Karl, Freiherr von. 1757-1831. Reforming Prussian statesman helped abolish serfdom.

Stoicism. 4C BC. Ideal life of restraint, duty, ignoring passions, desires. Mind is a finer subdivision of matter. There are universal natural laws. Founded by Zeno.

Stolypin, Pyotr. 1862-1911. Russian Prime Minister 1906-. Used secret police to control revolutionaries. Moderate reforms.

Stürgkh, Karl von. 1859-1916. Austrian Prime Minister. Suspended parliament 1914. Assassinated.

Sudan. 4000BC = Nubia. c3000BC Egypt. 11-4C BC Cush Empire. c350 Aksum. 6C Christian. 15C Moslem. 1821 Egypt. 1898 Kitchener conquers...1899 Anglo/Egypt administration. 1956 Independent.

Suffrage, Women. 1893 New Zealand. 1902 Australia. 1906 Finland. 1913 Norway. 1915 Denmark. 1917 USSR. 1918 Canada. 1918/28 Britain. Reform Bills. 1920 US. 1971 Switzerland. 1976 Liechtenstein. Not yet in Arab countries. Wyoming.

Sully, duc de. 1560-1641. French Finance minister to Henry IV. Helped rebuild France after Wars of Religion.

Sun Yat-sen. 1866-1925. Chinese revolutionary humanitarian. Failed revolts 1895, 1913. President 1911-12, 23-25. Organized Kuomintang.

Sunderland, Earl of. 1674-1722. British Whig minister. South Sea National Debt scheme.

Surrealism. 1920-. Artistic and literary movement dealing with the expression of the subconscious mind, fantasy, dreams. Klee, Dali, de Chirico, Chagall.

Sussex. 477- Anglo-Saxon kingdom. 9C Dominated by Wessex.

Sverdrup, Johan. 1816-92. Norwegian reformer, Prime Minister 1884-9. Trial by jury.

Svinhufved, Piehr. 1861-1944. First Prime Minister of independent. Finland 1917-18,30-31, President. 31-7. Suppressed communists.

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