Nigeria. c5C BC Nok. c12C Yoruba(SW). 13C Hausa(N)/Kanem-Bornu/Ibo(E). 15C Portugal reach. Slave source. 1851 British colony. 1884 British protectorate. 1960 Independent. 1963 Republic. 1993-98 Abacha military dictatorship. Biafra.

Outer Space Treaty. 1967. International cooperation in space. Controlled military uses. 70+ signatories.

Praetorian Guard. 27BC-312. Roman Emperor’s guard. Only military allowed in Rome.

Rabin, Yitzhak. 1992-95. Israeli statesman. Military leader, Six Day War. PM 74-77, 92-95. Peace negotiater.

Reconstruction. 1865-77. Post Civil War US. Military control of south. Civil Rights Act. Carpetbaggers.

Red Guards. 1966-69. Paramilitary student units during Chinese Cultural Revolution.

Resistance. WWII underground paramilitary groups in German-occupied countries, notably France. Partisans. Maquis.

Schlieffen Plan. 1905 German military strategy to conquer France. Failed in WWI but succeeded in WWII.

Scutage. -14C. Payment by vassal to Lord in lieu of military service.

Shogun. Japanese military leaders. 794 Otomaro. 1192-1867 Ruled Japan.

Spanish Revolt. 1868-9.Military overthrows Isabella. Prim y Prats.

Suffolk, First duke. c1484-1545. Brother-in-law, aide of Henry VIII. Incompetent military leader.

Teutonic Knights. c1190-1809. Military Germanic order to treat wounded crusaders. 13-14C Empire over Prussia, Estonia, Latvia. Tannenberg.

Thailand. c1220 Kingdom. 1350 Ayutthaya dynasty. 1584 Independent = Siam. 1767 Burma invades. 1782 Chakkri dynasty. 1893 East ceded to France. 1932 Coup, Constitutional Monarchy. 1939 = Thailand. 1941-45 Japanese occupy. Military coups 1957,58,63,71,73,76,81.

Vauban, Sébastien de. 1633-1707. French military engineer. Invented trenches 1673, socket bayonet 1688.

Wood, Leonard. 1860-1927. US military surgeon. Co-founder of Rough Riders.

Zabern Affair. 1913. Riots caused by German military rule in Alsace-Lorraine.