Paphlagonia. Lydia. Persia. 333BC Alexander. 2C BC Pontus. 65BC Rome.

Pascal, Blaise. 1623-62. French mathematician, Jansenist philosopher, physician. Calculator 1642.Barometer 1646. Syringe 1648. Hydraulics. Probability 1654. Pensées 1670.

Patriarch. Christian bishops with jurisdiction over other bishops. 325 Rome. 692 Antioch. Alexandria, Constantinople, Jerusalem. 1598 Moscow.

Paul IV. Pope 1555-9. Curtailed corruption. Roman Inquisition. Created Jewish ghetto in Rome 1555.

Perseus. Slew Medusa with gods’ weapons. Married Andromeda.

Perseus. c212-166BC. Last Macedonian king 179-168BC. Defeated at Pydna by Rome.

Philip V. 238-179BC. Macedonian king 221-. Defeated by Rome.

Piranesi, Giambattista. 1720-78. Italian architect and engraver. Views of Rome 1740s.

Polybius. c200-118BC. Greek historian. 40 vol History of Rome.

Pontus. 3C-66BC. Asia Minor kingdom conquered by Rome.

Pope. Head of Roman Catholic Church, Bishop of Rome. Considered the infallible vicar of Christ.

Portugal. Iberians, Celts. 5-4C BC Greek colony. c225BC Carthage(S). 2C BC Rome. 411 Suevi. 5C Visigoth. 711 Moor. 868 Christian(N). c1060 León. 1143 Independent kingdom. 1250 Moors expelled. 1500 +Brazil. 1580 Spain. 1640 Independent. 1820 Constitutional Monarchy. 1822 -Brazil. 1910 Republic. 1932 Salazar dictator. 1976 Democracy.

Praetorian Guard. 27BC-312. Roman Emperor’s guard. Only military allowed in Rome.

Prometheus. Titan who made man of clay and gave him life, stole fire from the gods for him. Chained to a rock to have an eagle eat his liver daily. Freed by Hercules.

Provence. 6C BC Greeks settle. 121BC Rome. 5C Visigoth/Burgundy...Ostrogoth. 6C Frank. 1246 Angevin. 1486 France.

Punic Wars. 264-241BC Rome gains Sicily from Carthage. Mylae. 218-201BC Rome defeats Hannibal attack, gains Spain. 149-146BC Rome destroys Carthage.

Rainaldi, Girolamo. 1570-1655. Hungarian architect. Brought Mannerism to Rome.

Remus. Twin brother of Romulus; legendary founders of Rome. Killed by Romulus after jumping over town wall.

Respighi, Ottorino. 1879-1936. Italian composer. The Pines of Rome 1924. Used recorded sound as part of composition.

Rhodes. <1000BC Minoan. Dorian. 5C BC Delian League. 43BC Rome alliance. 653 Saracen. 1309 Knights of St John. 1522 Turks. 1912 Italy. 1947 Greece. c1C BC School of rhetoric.

Rienzo, Cola di. 1313-54. Leader, briefly dictator of Rome.

Roman Empire. 27BC Augustus. 395 Split into Empire of the West and Eastern Roman Empire =Byzantine Empire. Rome.

Roman Question. 1861-1929. Italy vs Papacy over control of Rome. Lateran Treaty.

Roman Republic. 509-27BC. Roman Empire. Rome.

Rome. 753BC Legendary founding by Romulus and Remus. 616BC Etruscan. 509BC Roman Republic. 27BC Roman Empire. 248 Empire of the West. 395 Byzantine Empire. 410 Visigoths sack Rome. 476 Romulus Augustulus deposed. 493 Ostrogoth. 535 Byzantine. 774 Charlemagne’s Empire of the West. 962 Holy Roman Empire. 11C Norman. 12C Hohenstaufen. 1848 Republic. 1849 Papal States. 1870 Italy. 1929 -Vatican.

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