Hundred Days. 1815. March 20 to July 8; Napoleon’s escape from Elba to his second abdication. 1933. Began Roosevelt’s administration. New Deal enacted.

Huns. Nomadic peoples of Central Asia who invaded Europe in 4-5C. Attila. Defeated at Châlons-sur-Marne, 451.

Hymen. Greek god of marriage.

Ibn Tumart. c1080-1130. Berber leader. Demanded moral reform. Founded Almohad Confederation.

Iceland. 9C Irish discover. 870 Norway colonized. 930 Althing. 1262 Norway. 1380 Denmark 1904 Home rule. 1918 Sovereignty. 1944 Republic.

Ides of March. (March 15th). Day on which Caesar was assassinated.

Ignatius of Antioch, St. -c107. Syrian martyr. Clarified Catholic beliefs. -“Catholic Church”.

International. Socialist revolutionary workers movements. First. 1864-76. Founded by Marx in London. Second. 1889-1914. Paris. IFTU. Revived in 1920s. Third. 1919-43. =COMINTERN. Stalin’s Vehicle for world-wide Communist Revolution. Fourth. 1938-53. Trotsky’s Transitional Program for reform.

Ipsus, Battle. 301BC. Antigonus’ defeat marks end of Alexander’s Empire.

Isabella I. 1451-1504. Queen of Castile. Financed Columbus. United Spain by marrying Ferdinand II. Inquisition.

Iwo Jima, Battle. 1945. US Marine WWII victory over Japan. 40,000 casualties.

Jacquemart de Hesdin. Court painter: Grandes Heures du Duc de Berry 1409.

Jacquerie Revolt. 1358. French peasants revolt vs tax increases to support Hundred Years War. Marcel.

James, St. -c44. One of 12 Apostles. Martyred by Herod Agrippa I.

Jennings, Sarah. 1660-1744. Influential Duchess of Marlborough in court of Queen Anne.

Joachim, St. Mary’s father.

Joffre, Joseph. 1852-1931. French marshal. Won at Marne 1914. French Commander-in-Chief 1914-16.

Joseph, St. Husband of Mary, mother of Jesus.

Joseph II. 1741-90. Holy Roman Emperor, 1765-. Enlightened despot. Edict of Tolerance. Dominated by mother, Maria Theresa -1780.

Joukov, Gheorgi. 1896-1974. Soviet marshal, won battles of Moscow 1941, Stalingrad 1943.

Jourdan, Jean. 1762-1833. French Revolutionary marshal. Introduced conscription 1798. Victor at Fleurus.

Jude, St. Apostle of Jesus. Martyred in Persia.

Juno. Roman goddess of women and marriage. = Hera. Frigg.

Kalmar Union. 1397-1523. Denmark, Norway, Sweden. Established by Queen Margaret of Denmark.

Kalmar War. 1611-13. Denmark defeats Sweden, dominates Baltic.

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