Russia. 9C Slavs, Rus invade. 862-1598 Rurik dynasty. 1240 Mongol Empire of Golden Horde. 1462 Ivan the Great. 16C Unified. 1613 Romanov dynasty. 1917 Communist. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1991 Russian Federation. CIS.

Russian Campaign. 1812. Napoleon’s march on Moscow. 10,000 of 100,000 return. Grande Armée.

Russian Revolution. 1905. Led to Duma, Constitution and end of Mir system. Police gradually regained authority. October Manifesto. Bloody Sunday. 1917 Feb: Liberal republicans overthrow Czar. Oct: Lenin’s Bolsheviks overthrow Kerensky’s Provisional Government, withdraw from WWI.

Russo-Turkish Wars. 16-19C. Russia gains Black Sea to Balkans from crumbling Ottoman Empire in 10 wars. Assist Serb, Romanian independence. Crimean War.

Ruthenian Church. 1594- = Uniate Catholic. Slavonic Roman Catholic. 1940 Allegiance changed to Russian Orthodox.

Rymer, Thomas. 1641-1713. English Neoclassical literary critic: attacked Shakespeare.

Saar. Former Palatinate. 1919 League of Nations mandate. 1935 Germany. 1945 French occupy. 1948 Autonomous. 1957 West Germany.

Sabah. 1888 British protectorate = North Borneo. 1946 British Crown Colony. 1963 Malaysia.

Sabbatal, Zevi. 1626-76. Jewish mystic. Failed march on Constantinople.

Sabellianism. 3C Christian heresy. Trinity is 3 manifestations of one Godhead.

Sabines. Ancient Italian tribe whose women were seized by Romans as wives (legend). 290BC Conquered.

Sachs, Hans. 1494-1576. German shoemaker/poet, composed songs of commonplace.

Sachs, Julius von. 1832-97. German discoverer of chlorophyll action.

Sachs, Nelly. 1891-1970. German poet, Jewish spokesperson.

Sackville, Thomas. 1536-1608. British dramatist. First English blank-verse tragedy. Gorboduc 1561.

Sade, Marquis de. 1740-1814. French S&M writer. Jailed for immorality. 120 Days of Sodom 1785.

Saigo Takamori. 1827-77. Failed Satsuma Revolt, 1877 vs Meiji.

Saint, Thomas. British sewing machine inventor, 1790. Singer.

Saint-Just, Louis de. 1767-94. French revolutionary leader. Ally of Robespierre.

Saint-Saëns, Camille. 1835-1921. French composer. Symphonic Poems. Carnival of Animals 1886. Samson et Delila 1888.

Sakharov, Andrei. 1921-89. Soviet physicist, human rights activist. Hydrogen bomb. Formed Committee for Human Rights 1970.

Salbai, Treaty. 1782. Ends first Maratha War.

Salem Witch Trials. 1692. 19 executed in Massachussets based on adolescent fantasies.

Salic Law. 6C penal code issued by Clovis. Incorrectly cited 14-19C to limit royal succession to males; Spain by Philip V, 1713. Victoria. Isabella II.

Salisbury, Third Marquess. 1830-1903. British Imperialist Prime Minister 1885~1902. Fashoda. Boer War. Splendid Isolation.

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