Protagoras. c485-411BC. First Greek Sophist. “Man is the measure of all things”. “Truth is subjective to each person”. Exiled c415-.

Protectionism. Levying of import duties to make domestic production more competitive. 1337 England. 1870s Germany creates Depression. 1930 US deepens Depression. List. Smoot-Hawley.

Protestant Union. 1608-21. German princes vs reimposition of Catholicism.

Protestantism. Christian doctrine based on faith instead of church dispensations. Reformation. Presbyterianism. Calvin. Luther.

Proust, Marcel. 1871-1922. French novelist: Remembrance of Things Past 1914.

Prussia. 1226 Teutonic Knights. 1466 «Poland. 1525 Duchy of Poland. c1660 Independent. 1701 Kingdom. 1772-95 +NW Poland. 1871 Dominated German Empire. 1919 Weimar(W)/ Poland(E). 1933 Germany(W). Bismarck.

Ptolemy II. 308-246BC. Egyptian king 285-. Made Alexandria a cultural center. Built Pharos.

Ptolemy XIV. c59-44BC. Last Macedonian king of Egypt 47-. Brother, co-ruler with Cleopatra.

Puccini, Giacomo. 1858-1924. Popular Italian naturalist opera composer: La Boheme 1896. Tosca 1900. Madame Butterfly 1904.

Puebla, Battles. 1862 Mexican guerillas humiliate French army. “Cinco de Mayo”. 1863 French victorious, Maximilian.

Pufendorf, Samuel von. 1632-94. German historian/jurist. Universal natural laws.

P’u-i, Henry. 1906-67. Last Chinese Emperor. 1908-12. Japanese puppet Emperor of Manchukuo 1934-45. Interned by Soviets in Siberia 1945-50. Reeducated by Communist Chinese. Pardoned 1959. Mechanic. From Emperor to Citizen 1980.

Pullman Strike. 1894. Chicago. Broken by troops, injunction. National boycott call. Debs.

Punjab. Aryan. c518BC Persia. 326BC Macedonia. c324BC Mauryan. c320 Gupta. 8C Moslem. 1206 Delhi. 16C Mogul. 1764 Sikh. 1849 Britain. 1947 Pakistan(W)/India(E). 1984 Amritsar Assault.

Puritanism. 16-17C. English Calvinist movement to purify church of Catholic and political elements. Valued hard work, education, thrift.

Pushkin, Aleksandr. 1799-1837. Russian Romantic writer. Russia’s “Shakespeare”: Boris Gudonov 1825. Eugene Onegin 1823/4. Exiled 1821~6.

Pydna, Battle. 168BC. Romans defeat, divide Macedonia.

Pygmalion. Greek sculptor who fell in love with statue he made.

Pyrrhus. 319-272BC. King of Epirus. Defeated Romans at Heraclea and Ausculum at great cost (Pyrrhic Victory). Memoirs.

Qaddafi, Muammar. 1942-. Radical nationalist Libyan dictator 1969- after deposing Idris I. Nationalized oil industry 1973. Middle East terrorist supporter.

Qaeda, al-. 1989 Founded by Arabs in Afghanistan. 1990 Sudan. 1996 Afghan training camps. 2001 World Trade Center. Osama bin Laden.

Quadi. -173. Nomadic German tribe in Moravia.

Quadrilateral. Austrian fortresses: Legnago, Mantua, Verona, Peschiera.

Quant, Mary. 1934-. English fashion designer. Miniskirt.

Quantrill, William. 1837-65. Confederate guerilla leader of 1863 massacre at Lawrence, Kansas.

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