Octavia. -11BC. Octavian’s sister. Antony’s wife 40-30BC before Cleopatra.

Parr, Catherine. 1512-48. Sixth and last wife of Henry VIII.

Patay, Battle. 1429. French rout British. Charles VII crowned. Orléans. Joan of Arc.

Pius VII. 1742-1823. Pope 1800-. Excommunicated Napoleon after French annexed Papal States. Imprisoned 1809-14.

Praguerie. 1440. French nobles rebel vs Charles VII.

Ptolemy XIV. c59-44BC. Last Macedonian king of Egypt 47-. Brother, co-ruler with Cleopatra.

Ptolemy XV. Caesarion. 47-30BC. Egyptian king 44-. Son of Caesar and Cleopatra. Killed by Octavian.

Reformation. 16C religious movement against practices of Roman Catholic church led to founding of Protestant churches. Luther. Calvin. Knox. Zwingli. Henry VIII.

Richard III. 1452-85. King of England 1483-. Murdered (?) nephews in tower. Killed at Bosworth by Henry VII, ending War of Roses.

Robert of Geneva. Clement VII, Antipope.

Roses, War of. 1455-85. York (white) vs Lancaster (red) for English throne. Lancaster rule ended. Henry VII (Tudor/Lancaster) married Elizabeth (York). Bosworth Field. Plantagenet.

Seymour, Jane. 1509-37. Third wife of Henry VIII. Died after giving birth to Edward VI.

Simpson, Wallis. 1896-1986. American divorcée for whom Edward VIII abdicated.

Six Articles, Statute. 1539-1547. Henry VIII’s statement of Church of England doctrine. Persecuted both adamant Catholics and Protestants.

Skelton, John. c1460-1529. English satirical poet. Tutor, adviser to Henry VIII.

Suffolk, First duke. c1484-1545. Brother-in-law, aide of Henry VIII. Incompetent military leader.

Supremacy, Act of. 1534 Henry VIII establishes Church of England under monarch. 1554 Repealed by Mary I. 1559 Elizabeth I re-established Church of England. Oath required of all MPs.

Urban VIII. 1568-1644. Pope 1623-. Supported France in Thirty Years War.

Wolsey, Thomas. c1475-1530. English cardinal. Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII. Lost influence when unable to secure divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Built Hampton Court Palace as gift for Henry VIII. Unpopularity a cause of Reformation.

Worms, Synod. 1076. Called by Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV to depose Pope Gregory VII. 1122 Concordat of Worms.

Zamora Treaty. 1143. Portugal independent of Alfonso VII of Castile.