Julius II. 1443-1513. Pope 1503-. Joined Holy League vs France. Patron of Michelangelo, Raphael. Swiss Guards.

Kamerlingh Onnes, Heicke. 1853-1926. Liquified helium 1908. Superconductivity 1911.

Liutprand. Powerful Lombard King, 712-44. Law code.

Lockyer, Joseph. 1836-1920. English. Discovered helium in sun 1868.

Lucillius, Caius. 180-102BC. Poet. Originated Latin satire.

Manlius Capitolinus. -384BC. Roman Consul. Geese awaken...Gaul attack repulsed, 390BC.

Marcus Aurelius. 121-180. Roman Emperor 161-. Stoic philosopher. Meditations. Repelled invasions. Persecuted Christians.

Marsilius of Padua. c1282-1343. Italian political philosopher. -“political power comes from the people”.

Munda, Battle. 45BC. Caesar defeats Pompey in Spain to establish rule.

Nationalism. Musical movement to reflect national or ethnic spirit. Especially 16C and 19C. Grieg. Sibelius.

Numa Pompilius. c715-673BC. Second king of Rome. Organized the ceremony of state.

Nyerere, Julius. 1922-99. First Tanganyika Prime Minister 1961, President 1962. Union with Zanzibar. President Tanzania 1964.

Orgetorix. -60BC. Helvetian chief vs Caesar.

Paris. 276BC Parisii. 52BC Caesar conquers. 500 Merovingian. 987 France.

Paullus, Aemilius. 229-160BC. Roman victor at Pydna, 168BC. Ended Macedonian War.

Pharsalus, Battle. 48BC. Caesar defeats Pompey.

Pompeius, Sextus. 67-35BC. Pompey’s son. Fought Caesar after father’s death.

Pompey. 106-48BC. Roman triumvir with Caesar and Crassus; defeated by Caesar.

Ptolemy XV. Caesarion. 47-30BC. Egyptian king 44-. Son of Caesar and Cleopatra. Killed by Octavian.

Ramsay, William. 1852-1916. English chemist: discovered helium 1895; neon, krypton, xenon 1898.

Raphaël. 1483-1520. Italian High Renaissance classical painter, sculptor, architect. Vatican frescoes 1508-11. Madonnas 1505-7. Sistine Madonna 1513. Julius II.

Rosenberg, Julius, Ethel. 1918,1916-53. First US civilians executed for spying for Soviet Union.

Rubicon. Italian river crossed by Caesar to wage war vs Roman Senate 49BC.

Sachs, Julius von. 1832-97. German discoverer of chlorophyll action.

Scaliger, Julius Caesar. 1484-1558. Italian/French classical scholar. “Father” of literary criticism. Poetics 1561.

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