Right Opposition. 1928-29. Communists opponents of Stalin within Central Committee.

Ringling, John. 1866-1936. Circus impressario 1884. Bought Barnum and Bailey 1907.

Rococo. Art and Architecture 1720-70. Last stage of Baroque. Shell shaped motif in ornamentation. Dainty, graceful, ornate, smiling. Watteau. Boucher. Fragonard.

Roebling, John. 1806-69. US civil enginerer. First steel cable suspension bridges. Began Brooklyn Bridge.

Roosevelt, Franklin. 1882-1945. US president 1933-45. New Deal 1933-. Pacifist until Pearl Harbor. Four Freedoms.

Roscelin. c1050-1125. First Nominalist 1089.

Rosetta Stone. 196BC Multilingual stone used by Champollion to decipher hieroglyphics 1821.

Russo-Turkish Wars. 16-19C. Russia gains Black Sea to Balkans from crumbling Ottoman Empire in 10 wars. Assist Serb, Romanian independence. Crimean War.

Rykov, Aleksey. 1881-1938. Russian Bolshevik leader. Opposed Stalin. Rehabilitated 1988.

Saint-Gaudens, Augustus. 1848-1907. US sculptor. Farragut. Abraham Lincoln (Chicago).

Salinger, JD. 1919- US novelist. Catcher in the Rye 1951.

Sallust. c86-34BC. Roman historian. Expelled from Senate for immorality. Catilina.

San Stefano, Treaty. 1878. Ended Russo-Turkish War. Independence for Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria. Congress of Berlin.

Sanger, Margaret. 1883-1966. US feminist. Jailed for birth control clinic 1916.

Sapir, Edward. 1884-1939. Polish/US linguist. Studied North American Indian languages.

Sardanapalus. Licentious, effeminate king of Assyria. Burned palace on defeat- killing self and court.

Saussure, Ferdinand de. 1857-1913. Swiss linguist.

Savonnerie. 1604-1826. Royal French carpet makers incorporated into Gobelins.

Schelling, Friedrich. 1775-1854. German Idealist philosopher. -’artist is superior to thinker’.

Secret Speech. 1956. Khrushchev call for destalinization in USSR leads to Hungarian, Polish uprisings.

Secularism. Humanism. Movement toward “this-worldliness”.

Serapis. Egyptian deity of sun, healing.

Serbo-Turkish War. 1876-8. Serbia aids Christian rebellion in Bosnia. Loss caused Russo-Turkish War, Serbian independence 1878. Berlin Treaty.

Seven Hills of Rome. Palatine, Capitoline, Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Caelian, Aventine.

Sezession. Groups of artists who seceded from academies in Munich 1892, Vienna 1897, Berlin 1999.

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