Vigeland, Gustav. 1869-1943. Norwegian sculptor depicting man’s struggle for life. Frogner Parken.

Vitalism. Bergson’s theory of evolution. Life force differentiates living things from others. Aristotle.

Yggdrasill. Ash tree of existence, life and knowledge in Scandinavian legend.

Coldstream Guards. 1650. Marched to London to restore Charles II.

Cultural Revolution. 1966-9. Mao’s Red Guards purge China of bourgeois, capitalist elements.

Grenadier Guards. 1656.

Julius II. 1443-1513. Pope 1503-. Joined Holy League vs France. Patron of Michelangelo, Raphael. Swiss Guards.

Kent State Massacre. 1970. Ohio National Guardsmen kill 4 student anti-Vietnam War demonstrators.

Mameluks. Egyptian slave bodyguards who formed 1250-1382 Bahrite, 1382-1517 Burjite dynasties. Overthrown by Turks. Ali Pasha.

Red Guards. 1966-69. Paramilitary student units during Chinese Cultural Revolution.

Royal Scots Guards. 1633. Oldest regular regiment in British Army.

Swiss Guards. 1505- Swiss Mercenaries protecting monarchs, Pope. 600 massacred at Tuileries 1791. 1825- Incorporated in Vatican forces. Julius II.

Tuileries, Storming of. 1792 Massacre of Swiss Guards. King’s authority suspended. French Revolution.