Liberty, Statue of. 1886. Bartholdi sculpture. Gift from France.

Liberty Affair. 1768. British sieze Hancock’s sloop ’Liberty’ smuggling wine to Boston.

Liberty Bell. 1753. Independence Hall, Philadelphia. Cracked 1835.

Liberty Party. 1839-48. US anti-slavery party. Merged into Free-Soil party.

Liberty Poles. 1765-6. Symbolic anti-British poles in US.

Lloyd George, David. 1863-1945. British Liberal Prime Minister,1916-22. Unemployment insurance. Irish Free State. War cabinet, 1916.

Louis-Philippe. 1773-1850. French King 1830-48. 1790 Jacobin liberal who became absolutist monarch. Supported by bourgeoisie, defeated by workers in Revolt.

Luther, Martin. 1483-1546. German Christian reformer opposed to indulgences. Wittenberg. -’Even if heaven and hell do not exist, education is important’ Justification by faith alone. Melanchthon. 95 Theses 1517. Treatise on Christian Liberty. New Testament translated to vernacular 1522. Catechisms 1529. Canticles 1533. Excommunicated 1520, burns Papal Bull. Choral composer: moral effects of music.

Magna Carta. 1215. British charter of rights, confirming ancient liberties, forced on King John at Runnymede. Habeas Corpus.

Mahayana. 1C-. Liberal Buddhist doctrine of China, Japan, Korea, Tibet. Bodhisattva.

Menzies, Robert. 1894-1978. Australian Liberal Prime Minister 1939-41, 49-66. ANZUS. SEATO.

Mill, John Stuart. 1806-73. English Utilitarian Positivist philosopher. Social as well as political freedom is necessary. Tyranny of the majority. Associationism. Political Economy 1848. On Liberty 1859. Utilitarianism 1863. Women’s Right to Vote 1866.

Moscow Treaty. 1920 Baltic Liberation. 1921 Turkish frontiers. 1970 W Germany, USSR renounce force.

Napoleonic Code. 1804-. French laws standardized. Personal liberty, equality, justice, divorce, marriage, property rights. Still in use.

National Liberation Front. 1960- Vietcong organization for unification of Vietnam. 1969 Provisonal government. 1975 Conquered South Vietnam. 1976 Joined National United Front.

Orlov, Grigory, Count. 1734-83. Russian lover of Catherine II; led coup vs Peter III. Advocated liberating Christians from Ottoman rule.

Oscar I. 1799-1859. King of Norway and Sweden 1844-. Liberal reforms.

Palestine Liberation Organization. PLO. 1964. To reclaim land from Israel. 1988 Proclaimed Palestinian State. 1993 Israel-PLO Accord, mutual recognition. Palestinian Authority. Arafat. Terrorism. Munich Olympics.

PalestinianAuthority. 1996-. Government of Jerusalem West Bank and Gaza Strip. Arafat. PLO.

Pétain, Philippe. 1856-1951. Defender at Verdun, 1916. Armistice 1940. Vichy Prime Minister 1940-42. German puppet 1942-4. Life sentence for collaboration after liberation.

Petöfi, Sándor. 1823-49. Hungarian lyric poet. Hero of the 1848-9 revolution. Poetry of Liberation. János Vitéz 1845.

Pius IX. 1792-1878. Pope 1846-. Longest reign. Defined Immaculate Conception 1854 Papal Infallibility. Syllabus Errorum 1864 criticized Liberalism.

PLO. Palestine Liberation Organization.

Progressive Bloc. 1915-17. Russian liberals urging reforms.

Radishchev, Aleksandr. 1749-1802. Liberal Russian writer. Denounced serfdom. Exiled to Siberia.

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