Catherine II, the Great. 1729-96. Autocratic Empress of Russia, 1762-. Overthrew husband, Peter III. Annexed Crimea, Polish territory.

Catherine of Valois. 1401-37. Wife of Henry V. Mother of Henry VI and VII of England.Tudor.

Catholic League. 1576-93. Opposed Henry IV and Huguenots. Holy Leagues.

Catiline. 109-62BC. Roman patrician who conspired against Cicero and the Senate.

Cavalier Parliament. 1661-79. Royalist. Repressive laws against Puritans and Catholics.

Cavaliere, Emilio del. c1550-1602. Added arias and choral movements to cantatas. Early dramatic music.

Caxton, William. c1422-91. Printed first English book 1473/4. First printer in England, 1476. Published Chaucer, Aesop. First woodcuts appear in Game and Playe of Chesse 1476. First poster 1477.

Ceausescu, Nicolae. 1918-89. Repressive Romanian dictator, 1965-. Advocated independence from USSR and western ties. Economic policy led to food, energy shortages. Overthrown and executed.

Céline, Louis-Ferdinand. 1894-1961. French writer: Voyage au bout de la nuit 1932.

Celsius, Anders. 1701-44. Swedish physicist: centigrade temperature scale 1742.

Celts. Central European peoples who settled Spain, Gaul, Asia Minor 3000BC, and invaded Great Britain c3C BC. Plundered Rome 390BC. Thrived in Britain. after Romans. Invaded Greece 279-276BC. Forced to Wales by Invasions 5C. = Roman “Gauls”.

Central Powers. 1882-1918. = Triple Alliance. Germany and its allies during WWI.

Cerceau, Jacques Androuet du. c1520-85. Optical Views 1551, treatise on architectural perspective.

Ceuta. c12C BC Phoenicia. 1C BC Rome. 5C Vandal. 6C Byzantine. 618 Visigoth. 711 Moslem. 1415 Portugal. 1580 Spain. 1810 Britain. 1814 Spain.

Chakkri. 1782-. Dynasty ruling Thailand.

Chalcedon, Council. 451. Clarified orthodox Catholic beliefs. Sees of Rome and Byzantium established. Christ’s dual nature.

Châlons, Battle. 451. Attila’s westward conquest stopped by Visigoths and Romans.

Chambers, William and Robert. 19C.Scottish reference book publishers.

Champs-Élysée. Paris boulevard. (=Elysian Fields.) Trees planted by Le Nôtre 1667. Named 1709.

Chandler, Raymond. 1888-1959. US novelist. Big Sleep 1939. Detective Philip Marlow.

Channel Islands. 911 Norman. 1066 England. Autonomous British crown possession.

Chanson de Roland. 12C French epic poem. Roncesvalles. Roland.

Chardin, Jean. 1699-1779. French painter of still life and domestic scenes. Le Buffet 1728.

Charles I. 1600-49. King of Great Britain and Ireland. 1625-. Attempted to rule without Parliament. Defeated in Civil War. Beheaded.

Charles I, of Anjou. 1226-85. French King of Naples and Sicily 1246-. Son of Louis VIII. Harsh rule. First Angevin.

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