Lauderdale, John. 1616-82. Scottish statesman. Cabal Ministry. Repressive rule of Scotland.

Lawrence, D.H. 1885-1930. Censored English psychological novelist exploring consciousness and morality. Sons and Lovers 1913. Women in Love 1926. Lady Chatterly’s Lover 1928. Modernism.

Lawrence, James. 1781-1813. US naval commander in War of 1812. -“Don’t give up the ship!”

Laxness, Halldór. 1902-98. Icelandic writer. Weaver of Cashmere 1927. Independent People 1935.

League of Nations. 1920-46. Versailles. For everlasting peace. Idea of US, who did not join. Germany 1926-33. Maximum 63 nations. Failed 1931 when Japan attacked Manchuria. USSR expelled1939. Dissolved 1946. Mandates.

Leakey, Louis. 1903-72. British anthropological archeologist. With wife Mary, discovered homo habilis and other ancient humanoid fossils.

Leander. Hero’s lover who swam Hellespont nightly.

Lebanon. 25C BC Phoenicia. 6C BC Persia. 332 Alexander. 64BC Rome. 5C Byzantine. 7C Moslems, Maronite Christians. 11C Druse(S). 1516 Ottoman. 1861 Christian autonomy under Ottomans. 1920 French mandate. 1926 Republic under France. 1943 Independent republic. 1975-91 Civil war.

Leda. Spartan Queen. Mother of Helen, Castor, Pollux.

Léger, Fernand. 1881-1955. French painter. Modernist mechanistic forms of solid colors. Femme au Livre 1923. Grande Parade 1954.

Legion of Honour. French national order instituted by Napoleon, 1802. Five ranks: Grands Croix, Grands Officiers, Commandeurs, Officiers, Chevaliers.

Leibniz, Gottfried. 1646-1716. German philosopher, mathematician. Invented differential and integral calculus1675, binary arithmetic 1703. Multiplication machine 1671.

Leif Eriksson. Norwegian discoverer of Vinland, 1000.

Leipzig, Battle. 1813. Napoleon loses Germany and Poland. 500,000 troops involved.

Le Mercier, Jacques. 1585-1654. French architect of Sorbonne and Horloge Pavilion of Louvre.

Lend-Lease. Agreement between Allies and US during WWII for sharing costs of supplies and foreign exchange obligations.

Leningrad Affair. 1948. Purge of Zhdanov associates by Stalin.

Lenoir, Alexandre. 1761-1839. Archeologist. Founder of the Museum of French Monuments.

Le Nôtre, André. 1613-1700. French landscapist. Tuileries 1637. Fontainebleau. Versailles 1663.

Leo I, St. 400-461. Pope 440-. Opposed Nestorianism, Manichaeism and other heresies.

Lesotho. Basutoland. c1800 Basotho kingdom. 1868 British. 1871 Cape Colony. 1884 British colony. 1966 Independent kingdom of Lesotho.

Lesseps, Ferdinand. 1805-94. French engineer. Suez Canal 1869. Corinth Canal. Designed and began Panama Canal 1881-89.

Leto. Mother of Apollo and Artemis.

Leucippus. -440BC. Greek philosopher. Atomism. “Nothing occurs at random”.

Levellers. 1645-50. English Civil War republican democratic party. Sought religious, political equality and end to monarchy.

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