Vienna, Congress. 1814-15. Redrew map of Europe after Napoleon. Prussia gains Rhine, Westphalia. Swiss borders and neutrality confirmed. Netherlands created from Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg. Malta and Cape Colony ceded to Britain. Russia gets Poland. Austria trades Netherlands for north Italy. France reduced to 1792 borders. Metternich.

Villars, duc de. 1653-1734. French Marshal. War of Spanish Succession. War of Polish Succession.

Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène. 1814-79. French Gothic Revival architect. Restored Notre-Dame 1841-54, Vincennes. Ste-Chapelle.

Warsaw. 1596 Polish capital. 1655 Sweden destroys. 1795 Prussia. 1807 Napoleon creates Duchy. 1813 Russia. 1815 Kingdom of Poland. 1939-45 Germany occupies.

Washington, Booker T. 1856-1915. US black educator: Up from Slavery 1901.

Wesley, John. 1703-91. English founder of Methodism 1729. Direct preaching, often outdoors, to reach the uneducated working class. Sunday schools.

Westphalia. 700 Saxons settle. 1180 Duchy. 1803 Hohenzollern. 1807 Kingdom. 1815 Prussia.

Whitlam, Gough. 1916-. Australian Labour Prime Minister 1972-5. Quit Vietnam War. Dismissed by Governor General. Reduced immigration restrictions. White Australia.

Whitney, Eli. 1765-1825. US inventor. Cotton gin, 1793. Mass production with interchangeable parts 1801.

Williams, Roger. c1603-83. English Calvinist founder of Rhode Island, Providence 1636. Introduced separation of church, state.

Windows. 12C Glass first used. 14C Mullioned (divided into panes). Tudor introduced bay and oriel. 18C curved bow windows.

Wright, Frank Lloyd. 1869-1959. US “organic” architect. Introduced glass and steel forms. Guggenhem Museum 1943-59. Taliesin West 1938.

Wyat, Thomas. 1503-42. English poet. Introduced Italian sonnet form to English.

Ziegfeld, Florenz. 1869-1932. US producer of Follies 1907-.

Abstract Art. 20C. Color, line and form without subject. Begun by Cezanne.

Achates. Aeneas’ armour bearer and friend in Greek mythology.

Adams, Samuel. 1722-1803. US Revolutionary: -“No taxation without representation”.

Albertus Magnus, St. c1200-80. Swabian Dominican philosopher influenced Aquinas: independent observation of nature. Alchemist.

Albornoz, Gil de. 1310-67. Restored papal authority, ending Babylonian Captivity.

Alexander. 1876-1903. Serbian King, 1889-. Scandals, authoritarianism led to assassination.

Alexandria. Founded 332BC by Alexander the Great. Centre of Hellenistic culture. Lighthouse one of Seven Wonders. 284BC Great Library of 700,000+ volumes. Fires 47BC, 391.

Anarchism. 19C Philosophy: “Every man should be his own government, his own law, his own church”-Owen. Thoreau’s return to nature, passive resistance, and no taxes influenced Ghandi. Proudhon. Tolstoy. Godwin.

Anglicanism. Catholic adherence to the doctrines of the Church of England.

Anglo-Catholicism. High Church movement in Church of England. Stresses link with Roman Catholic church. Oxford Movement.

Anthony, St. 1195-1231. Franciscan, protector of common people.

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