Umayyad. 661-750. Sunni Moslem dynasty of Caliphate Empire. Defeated by Abbasid revolt. Abd ar-Rahman escaped to establish dynasty in Spain 756-1031.

Uncle Sam. Personification of US government first appeared in Troy Post based on “Uncle” Sam Wilson who supplied army beef stamped US 1813.

Unicorn. Mythical subject of art 400BC-Middle Ages.

Uniformitarianism. Earth shaped by ongoing processes indicative of time. Lyell.

Uniformity, Act of. 1549. Established English Prayer Book, catechism for Anglican worship. 1553 Repealed. 1559 Reenacted. 1662 Deprived Nonconformists of living.

Unitarianism. 1546. Christian doctrine of Socinus denying Trinity. God is one indivisible force. Biddle.

United States of America. USA. 40,000-20,000BC Asians settle. 1492-1776 Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands, Britain colonize. 1776 American Revolution. 1783 Thirteen Colonies independent. Manifest Destiny. 1845 +Texas. 1848 +California. 1867 +Alaska. 1898 +Hawaii, Puerto Rico.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 1948. United Nations list of rights to be accorded people by their governments. Rejected by USSR, China, Poland, Yugoslavia, Ukraine, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, many Moslem countries. Signed by Russia, 1996.

Universities. 968 Cordova. 9C Salerno. 1116 Bologna. 12C Oxford. 1209 Cambridge. 1215 Paris. 1636 Harvard.

Unkiar Skelessi, Treaty. 1833-41. Russia/Ottoman mutual defence alliance. Straits Convention.

Urban II. 1035-95. Pope 1088-. Forbade clergy to pay homage to temporal powers. Crusades.

Ussher, James. 1581-1656. Irish theologian. Calculated the Creation as 4004BC according to Bible.

Usury. Maximum interest rates: Rome 50BC: 12%, 529: 8%. Islam 622: 0%. Christian 1311: 0%. England: 1623 8%, 1651 6%, 1713 5%, 1854 eliminated. USA, by State: 5-45%

Uther Pendragon. Legendary British king. Father of King Arthur.

Uthman, ibn ’Affan. -656. Third Moslem caliph. Declared official version of Koran. Assassinated.

Utilitarianism. Good is the maximum good for the maximum number of people. Bentham. Mill. Spencer. Moore.

Utrecht, Union of. 1579. United Provinces alliance created vs Spanish rule in Netherlands.

U-2 Incident. 1960. US spy plane shot down over USSR. Summit cancelled. Pilot Powers traded for Russian spy Abel 1962.

Uxmal. c600. Mayan city. Abandoned 1450. Mayapan.

Uzbeks. Siberian Turkic-Mongol peoples with Golden Horde from Siberia. Uzbekistan.

Uzziah. -c735BC. King of Judah 791-739BC. Defeated Philistines. Died of leprosy, punishment for pride.

Val-de-Grace. Paris. 1645-1667. Built by Anne of Austria to thank God for birth of Louis XIV after 23 childless years of marriage. Mansart.

Valdemar IV. Atterdag. 1320-75. Danish king 1340-. Re-united Denmark. Opposed Hanseatic League. Sold Estonia to Teutonic Knights.

Valdivia, Pedro de. 1498-1554. Spanish conqueror of Chile, 1450. Founded Santiago.

Valens. 328-78. East Roman Emperor 364-. Killed at Adrianople.

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