Smithson, James. 1765-1829. English scientist. Left fortune to found Smithsonian Institution.

Smolensk. Victories of Napoleon 1812, Germans 1941.

Smollett, Tobias. 1721-71. Scottish humorous novelist. Peregrine Pickle 1751.

Smoot-Hawley Act. 1930-37. US tarrifs begin trade war, deepening Depression.

Soane, John. 1753-1837. English Neoclassical architect, collector. Bank of England 1792-1833.

Social Contract. Hobbes political philosophy. Compact between ruler and ruled. Locke.

Social Democratic Party. 1863. Oldest German political party. Marxist to 1959. Now less radical.

Socialism. 19C-. Movement opposing Liberalism, Capitalism. Advocates equal rights, just distribution of property, well-being of proletariat through reform or revolution. Utopia.

Socialist Revolutionary Party. 1901-22. Russia. Sought classless society. Suppressed by Bolsheviks.

Socrates. c470-399BC. Greek philosopher. Knowledge is the key to influencing destiny. Ignorance leaves one subject to fate. Socratic method of teaching by dialog. Dialectic. Condemned for impiety and corrupting the young - drank hemlock. “Know thyself”.

Solemn League and Covenant. National Covenant.

Solferino, Battle. 1859. Victor-Emmanuel gains Lombardy during Risorgimento. Carnage leads to Red Cross.

Solidarity. 1980. Polish workers movement led by Walesa. Martial Law 1981-83. Democratic elections 1989.

Solomon. King of Israel c973-933BC. First Temple at Jerusalem. Biblical writings. Known for wisdom.

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr. 1918-2008. Russian novelist. Expelled 1974. Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich 1962. Gulag Archipelago 1973.

Somerset. 2nd duke. c1406-1455. English general. Lost English territory in France. Quarrel with Duke of York led to War of Roses.

Somme, Battle of the. WWI. 1916. Allied victory with 1M casualties, minor gain. First use of tank. 1918. German victory.

Somoza, Anastasio. 1896-1956. Nicaraguan president. 1936~. Sons ruled to 1979.

Sonderbund. 1845-7. League of Catholic Swiss cantons defeated in civil war.

Sophia Alekseyevna. 1657-1704. Regent of Russia 1682-9 for Ivan V and Peter I.

Sophocles. c495-406BC. Greek tragic poet. Introduced third actor to tragedy. Antigone 442. Oedipus Rex 427.

Sorbonne College. c1257. Founded by Robert de Sorbon. Seat of University of Paris.

Sorel, George. 1847-1922. French advocate of revolutionary syndicalism. Reflection on Violence 1908 justified violence and general strikes. Influenced Mussolini.

Sosigenes of Alexandria. 1C BC. Astronomer. Julian calendar.

Sothic Cycle. -238BC. 1460 year Egyptian 365 day calendar cycle.

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