Ruska, Ernst. 1906-88. German engineer. Electron microscope.

Russell, Bertrand. 1872-1970. English mathematician, liberal philosopher, logician, pacifist. Believed in human reason. Founded CND. Principles of Mathematics 1910-13. History of Western Philosophy 1945.

Russia. 9C Slavs, Rus invade. 862-1598 Rurik dynasty. 1240 Mongol Empire of Golden Horde. 1462 Ivan the Great. 16C Unified. 1613 Romanov dynasty. 1917 Communist. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1991 Russian Federation. CIS.

Russian Campaign. 1812. Napoleon’s march on Moscow. 10,000 of 100,000 return. Grande Armée.

Russian Revolution. 1905. Led to Duma, Constitution and end of Mir system. Police gradually regained authority. October Manifesto. Bloody Sunday. 1917 Feb: Liberal republicans overthrow Czar. Oct: Lenin’s Bolsheviks overthrow Kerensky’s Provisional Government, withdraw from WWI.

Russification. Attempted conversion of local language and culture by settlement of large numbers of Russians. 19C Poland, Finland. 20C Kazakstan. Baltic.

Rutebeuf. 13C French trouvère, poet. Le Dit de l’Herberie.

Ruthenian Church. 1594- = Uniate Catholic. Slavonic Roman Catholic. 1940 Allegiance changed to Russian Orthodox.

Rutherford, Ernest. 1871-1937. NZ/English physicist. Beta rays 1899, Nuclear theory of atom1911.

Rye House Plot. 1683. Failed plot to kill Charles II and Duke of York.

Rykov, Aleksey. 1881-1938. Russian Bolshevik leader. Opposed Stalin. Rehabilitated 1988.

Saar. Former Palatinate. 1919 League of Nations mandate. 1935 Germany. 1945 French occupy. 1948 Autonomous. 1957 West Germany.

Saarinen, Eliel. 1873-1950. Finnish/US modern architect, teacher. Palace of League of Nations (Geneva) 1927.

Sabbatal, Zevi. 1626-76. Jewish mystic. Failed march on Constantinople.

Sabines. Ancient Italian tribe whose women were seized by Romans as wives (legend). 290BC Conquered.

Sackville, Thomas. 1536-1608. British dramatist. First English blank-verse tragedy. Gorboduc 1561.

Sade, Marquis de. 1740-1814. French S&M writer. Jailed for immorality. 120 Days of Sodom 1785.

Sadowa, Battle. 1866. Königgrätz.

Safavids. 1501-1736. Moslem dynasty. Led Persia to power. Established Shi’a Islam as state religion.

Saigo Takamori. 1827-77. Failed Satsuma Revolt, 1877 vs Meiji.

Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de. 1900-44. French aviator, writer. Little Prince 1943.

Saint-Just, Louis de. 1767-94. French revolutionary leader. Ally of Robespierre.

Saint-Saëns, Camille. 1835-1921. French composer. Symphonic Poems. Carnival of Animals 1886. Samson et Delila 1888.

Sainte-Beuve, Charles. 1804-69. French critic: Causeries de lundi 1851-62.

Saladin. 1138-93. Egyptian sultan 1169-. Took Jerusalem, 1187, inciting Third Crusade. Began Ayyubid Dynasty.

791 more results ...