Orléans, Louis Philippe, duc d’. 1747-93. Became Citizen Égalité 1892. Joined Third Estate. Father of King Louis-Philippe.

Orléans, Philippe II, duc d’. 1674-1723. French soldier Wars of Grand Alliance, Spanish Succession. Regent for Louis XV.

Orléans, Siege. 1428-9. 8 month English siege ended by Joan of Arc. Turning point of 100 Years War.

Orlov, Grigory, Count. 1734-83. Russian lover of Catherine II; led coup vs Peter III. Advocated liberating Christians from Ottoman rule.

Orsini. 12C-. Influential Roman family. Popes Celestine III, Nicholas III, Benedict XIII.

Orsini Affair. 1858. Unsuccessful plot on Napoleon III led to his interest in Italian unity.

Orthodox Church, Eastern. 1054-. Autonomous Christian churches of Middle East, Eastern Europe, Russia using Byzantine rite. East-West Schism.

Osceola. c1804-38. Seminole leader. Arrested at truce talks.

Osler, William. 1849-1919. Canadian/British physician. Blood platelets 1873. Principles and Practice of Medicine 1892.

Ostracism. Athenian 10 year exile for disrupting stability.

Ostrogoths. Germanic peoples. 3C Ukraine kingdom. 406 kingdom in Italy. 370 conquered by Huns. 493 conquered Italy. 555 dispersed by Justinian. Goths.

Oswald, Lee Harvey. 1939-1963. Kennedy assassin; killed by Ruby.

Otakar II. -1278. King of Bohemia 1252-. Killed at Dürnkrut opposing HRE Rudolf I.

Otto, Nikolaus. 1832-91. Built 4 Cycle engine 1876.

Otto I. 1815-67. German king of Greece 1832-62. Selected by London Conference. Deposed. Wittelsbach.

Ottoman Empire. 1300-1922. Turkish empire in Balkans, Near East, N Africa. Conquered Byzantine Empire. 1402 Destroyed by Tamerlane. 1413 Rebuilt by Mehmed. 1453 Conquered Constantinople. Eastern Question. Mehmed II. Süleiman the Magnificent. Turkey.

Oudenaarde, Battle. 1708. Churchill, Prince Eugène defeat French.

Oughtred, Wm. 1574-1660. English. Slide rule c1630 (circular), 1633 (rectilinear).

Outer Space Treaty. 1967. International cooperation in space. Controlled military uses. 70+ signatories.

Owen, Robert. 1771-1858. Welsh socialist. Began utopian cooperatives in England and US. Lanark 1799. Rochdale 1844.

Owens, Jesse. 1913-80. Black US athlete. 4 golds at 1936 Berlin Olympics contradicted Hitler’s Aryan supremacy.

Oxford, Provisions of. 1258-66. Reforms barons forced on Henry III. Annulled, modified. Led to Provisions of Westminster, Barons War.

Oxford University. 1115. Celebrated center of English learning. Charter 1214. Modelled on University of Paris.

Pacific, War of. 1879-84. Chile wins land from Peru, Bolivia’s coastline.

Pacifism. Ethical, philosophical, or moral opposition to war or violence.

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