North Africa Campaign. 1940-3. Montgomery, Alexander defeat Rommel’s Afrikan Korps.

North German Confederation. 1867-71. 22 states led by Prussia. German Empire.

Northampton, Battle. 1460. War of the Roses. York victory earns right to succeed Henry VI.

Northern Ireland. Ireland. 17C Protestants settle. 1801 United Kingdom. 1920 Ireland divided. 1922 Civil War. 1922 Direct rule. IRA.

Norton, Thomas. 1532-84. First English tragedy with Sackville, in blank-verse. Gorboduc 1561.

Nostradamus. 1503-66. French astrologer. Prophesied Napoleon and Hitler.

Notables, Assembly. French deputies of states appointed by king.

Nova Scotia. Micmac. 10C Norse discover? 1497 Cabot discovers. 1605 French settle = Acadia. 1614 English. 1667 French. 1689 English. 1697 French. 1710 English. 1848 First British colony with Responsible Government. 1867 Canada.

Novotny, Antonin. 1904-75. Stalinist Czech leader 1953-68. Deposed.

Noyon, Treaty. 1516. France cedes Naples to Spain.

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. 1968. USSR, US, UK, +59 others. Effective 1970.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. 1963. US, UK, USSR, + 100 signatories. No atmospheric, underwater, or space tests. France, China decline, continue testing.

Nuremberg Eggs. 1510. First watches-by Peter Henlein.

Nuremberg Rallies. 1933-8. Annual Nazi festivals followed by Hitler policy speech.

Nuremberg Trials. 1945-6. Trials of 22 Nazi leaders for crimes in WWII. 12 death sentences.

Nureyev, Rudolph. 1938-93. Russian ballet dancer. Defected 1961.

Nyx. Greek personification (female) of night.

Oakley, Annie. 1860-1926. US marksperson.

OAS. Organisation de l’Armée Secrète. 1961-9. Right-wing terrorist anti-Gaullist group founded by Salan. Failed revolt in Algeria 1961.

OAS. Organization of American States. 1948. Western Hemisphere organization for peace, security, and economic cooperation. Cuba expelled 1962.

Obelisk. 3300 year old Luxor gift of Muhammad Ali to Charles X, 1829. Place de la Concorde, Paris.

O’Brien, William. 1803-64. Irish revolutionary. 1848 Insurrection. Led Young Ireland. Banished.

Occam, William. c1280-1349. English Franciscan Nominalist philosopher. “Science is about things, philosophy about terms and concepts”. Occam’s razor: “It is vain to do with more, what can be done with fewer” (Science or Logic). Incompatibility of knowledge and faith, 1332. Opposed Aquinas Aristotelian realism. “Universal ideas exist only in the mind”. Influenced Reformation.

Occitan. Langue d’Oc. Romance language of southern France. Dialects include Provençale, the language of the troubadours. Oil.

Ockeghem, Johannes. c1430-96. Innovative Franco-Flemish polyphonist composer. Masses, motets.

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