Martel, Charles. Charles Martel.

Martel, Édouard. 1859-1938. Creator of speleology.

Martello Towers. 1804. Swiss designed defensive towers on English coast against Napoleon.

Martí, José. 1853-95. Led Cuban war vs Spain.

Martin V. 1368-1431. Pope 1417-. Election ended Great Schism.

Martov, L. 1873-1923. Russian Menshevik leader.

Marx, Karl. 1818-83. German socialist philosopher: Communist Manifesto 1848. Das Kapital 1867. Dialectical Materialism. Marxism.

Marxism. Official dogma of Communism. Dialectical Materialism. “Perfect economic system will not require political state.” Marx. Engels. Value is based on labour. Maoism. Leninism.

Mary II. 1662-94. Queen of England with William III, 1689-. Expelled her father, James II.

Mary Magdalene, St. Disciple, exorcised by Jesus. Saw him resurrected.

Mary Stuart. 1542-87. Queen of Scots 1542-67. Abdicated. Married Francis II. Queen of France 1559-60. Married Darnley 1565. Married Bothwell 1567, causing Scottish Revolt. Beheaded with Babington by Elizabeth I. Mother of James I.

Massachussets Bay Co. 1620-84. English charter company established Theocracy in Mass. Charter annulled 1684. Plymouth Colony.

Massenet, Jules. 1842-1912. French opera composer. Manon. Le Cid 1885.

Matabele War. 1894-6. Rhodesia natives vs British. Mediated by Rhodes. Ndebele.

Materialism. All nature is describable as moving particles. Mind is the result of physical activity in the brain. Büchner. Diderot. Hobbes. Marx. Epicureans.

Mathieu, Albert. 1802. Suggested English Channel Tunnel to Napoleon.

Matisse, Henri. 1869-1954. French painter in Fauvist style. Coined “cubism” 1908. Red Studio 1911.

Matthew, St. Jesus’ Apostle. First Gospel author.

Matthias. 1557-1619. Holy Roman Emperor 1612-. Catholic Revival led to Thirty Years War.

Matthias, St. Replaced Judas as one of 12 Apostles.

Mau-Mau Revolt. 1952-6. Kenya Kikuyu rebel vs Britain. Kenyatta jailed.

Mauchley, John. 1907-80. US inventor with Eckert of ENIAC digital computer 1946.

Maupassant, Guy de. 1850-93. French short story writer: Boule de Suif 1880.

Maupeou, René. 1714-92. French chancellor dissolved Parlement 1771, creating absolute rule.

Maurice of Nassau. 1567-1625. Prince of Orange 1618-. Dutch military leader. Fought Spanish 1590s.

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