Articles of Confederation. 1781-9. First US Constitution.

Artigas, José. 1764-1850. Uruguay revolutionary leader. “Father of Uruguayan independence”.

Asceticism. Self denial of sensual and material pleasures. Advocated by many religious sects.

Asclepius. Greek god of healing. Killed by Zeus to prevent immortality of man. Son of Apollo.

Asculum, Battle. 279BC. “Pyrrhic” victory of Pyrrhus over Romans.

Ashkenazi. 1534-72. Cabalistic Jewish scholar. Established Safed center of learning, Palestine.

Ashurbanipal. Assyrian king 669-626BC. Lost Egypt. Built Nineveh Library-22,000 clay tablets.

Aske, Robert. -1537. Led Pilgrimage of Grace against Henrician Reformation.

Aspern-Essling, Battle. 1809. First important loss for Napoleon.

Assad, Hafiz al-. 1928-2000. Syrian President 1971-. Supports Qadaffi, PLO. Anti-Israel.

Assandum, Battle. 1016. Danes defeat English in Essex.

Assassins. 1124-1270. Secret Moslem order who murdered all enemies.

Assaye, Battle. 1803. British win in 2nd Maratha War.

Assignats. French legal tender, 1789-96. Overissue caused inflation. Became worth 1% of face value.

Asturias. Former Spanish kingdom. 3-2C BC Rome. 5C Visigoth. 718-910 Only Christian kingdom on Iberia. 910 + León.

Athanasius, St. c296-373. Bishop of Alexandria: advocated Doctine of Trinity (Father, Son, Holy Ghost) vs divinity of Christ. Council of Nicaea.

Athenian League. 378-338BC. Refounded Delian League. War with Sparta 378-371BC.

Atlantic, Battle. 1939-45. Unsuccessful German attempt to blockade Britain, WWII.

Atlantic Cable. 1866. Telegraphic link between North America and Europe.

Atlantic Charter. 1941. British-US declaration of 8 principles of peace and security. Endorsed by >25 nations.

Atlantis. Legendary island which disappeared after earthquake.

Atom Bomb. 1945 US. 1949 USSR. 1952 Britain. 1960 France. 1964 China. 1974 India. 1989 South Africa (dismantled). 1998 Pakistan. ? Israel. 1990s Argentina, Brazil. Soon: Iraq, Iran, North Korea. H-Bomb. Neutron Bomb.

Atomism. 5C BC. World is an infinity of small indestructible particles. Leucippus.

Atropos. Fate of the inevitable, cut the string of life.

Attila. 406-453. Leader of the Huns. 434 attacked Gaul, defeated at Catalonia in 451. “The Scourge of God”.

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