Juárez, Benito. 1806-72. Mexican hero. Leader 1855~. Overthrew Santa Anna. La Reforma.

Judah. Son of Jacob. Led 1 of 12 Tribes of Israel to Judah.

Judah ha-Levi. c1075-1141. Jewish poet, philosopher in Spain. Ode to Zion.

Judaism. Monotheistic religion founded by Abraham, who had covenant with God. Branches include: Orthodox. 19C-. Rigorous adherence to original Jewish Law; Rabbinic. 70-18C. Priest replaced by Rabbi. Sacrifice...Study of Torah. Temple...Synagogue; Reform. 19C. Modern liberal interpretation of Judaism. Hasidism. Mishna. Moses.

Judas Iscariot. c30. Apostle who betrayed Jesus. Suicide.

Judas of Galilee. Jewish zealot. Led revolt vs Rome over tax census.

Jude, St. Apostle of Jesus. Martyred in Persia.

Judith. Jewish heroine. Killed Holofernes, Nebuchadnezzar’s general.

Judo. 19C-.Oriental self defence not in conflict with non-violent religion. Modification of jujitsu.

Julian Calendar. 45BC-1582. Julius Caesar’s 90 day correction to calendar. Changed to 365.25 day year. Corrected by Gregory. Christian Era.

Julian the Apostate. 331-63. Roman Emperor 361-. Proclaimed religious toleration. Attempted to make Paganism the state religion.

Julius II. 1443-1513. Pope 1503-. Joined Holy League vs France. Patron of Michelangelo, Raphael. Swiss Guards.

July Monarchy. Rule of Louis-Philippe.

July Ordinances. 1830. Charles X attempts to censor press and alter electoral process causing July Revolution.

July Revolution. 1830. France. Thiers. Charles X abdicates and flees to England. Louis-Philippe ascends. Caused by July Ordinances.

June Days. 1848. Paris workers uprising. Cavaignac’s military rule kills 10,000 to restore order.

Jung, Karl. 1875-1961. Swiss psychiatrist. Synchronicity-theory that related events occur at the same time without connecting cause. Astrology. Psychology of the Unconscious 1912. Extrovert. Introvert. Collective Unconscious.

Jutland, Battle. 1916. Jellicoe’s indecisive attempt to trap German fleet.

Ka’bah. Shrine in Great Mosque. Moslem Hijrah pilgrimage objective. Contains Black Stone of Mecca given to Adam to absorb his sins. Kidnaped 930-950.

Kafir. Moslem term for non-believers = infidel.

Kafka, Franz. 1883-1924. Czech introspective writer. Alienation of modern man. The Trial 1925. The Castle 1926. Published posthumously.

Kagawa. 1888-1960. Japanese Christian pacifist evangelist writer/labour leader. National Anti-War League 1928.

Kalevala. Finnish national epic poem compiled by Lönnrot, 1835.

Kalmyks. Nomadic Mongolian peoples. 17C Settled Lower Volga. 1771 Forced back at great loss of life. 1945 Exiled to Siberia. 1957 Restored.

Kamenev, Lev. 1883-1936. Russian Bolshevik leader in Triumvirate with Stalin, Zinoviev, 1922-. Executed in Purge.

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