Jacobins. 1789-94. Robespierre-led radical democratic French Revolutionary group. In power 1793-4. -“Holy League against the enemies of liberty”.

Jacobites. 1688-1753. Supporters of exiled James II and Stuart line after Glorious Revolution. 1715 “Old Pretender” James fails to claim British throne. 1745-6. Bonnie Prince Charlie unable to reclaim throne of England/Scotland. Stuart supporters aided rebels in Scotland and Ireland. Culloden Moor.

Jacquerie Revolt. 1358. French peasants revolt vs tax increases to support Hundred Years War. Marcel.

Jagatai. -1242. Mongol conqueror. Son of Genghis Khan.

Jainism. 6C BC-. Pacifist ascetic Indian religion incorporating elements of Hinduism.

Jalal ad-Din ar-Rumi. 1207-73. Persian Sufi poet. Founded Whirling Dervishes. Spiritual Couplets.

James, Henry. 1843-1916. US psychological novelist. American 1877. Washington Square 1881. Turn of the Screw 1898. Compared innocence of New World with corruption of Old.-“It takes a great deal of history to produce a little literature”.

James, Jesse. 1847-82. US bank robber, outlaw leader.

James, St. -c44. One of 12 Apostles. Martyred by Herod Agrippa I.

James, St. -c62. Apostle. “Lord’s brother”. Wrote Epistle of James.

James, William. 1842-1910. US Pragmatic philosopher. Radical Empiricism. Principles of Psychology 1890. Will to Believe 1897.

James I. 1208-76. King of Aragon 1213-. Conquered Balearic Is. 1229-35. Drove Moors from Valencia.

James I. 1566-1625. James VI of Scotland 1567-. King of England 1603-. United Scotland and England. Authorized Bible 1611.“Wisest fool in Christianity”. Gunpowder Plot. Religious controversy.

James II. 1633-1701. King of Great Britain 1685-8. Exiled 1689- in France. Supported Catholics. Bloody Assizes. Glorious Revolution overthrew him.

James III. 1452-88. King of Scotland 1460-. Killed by rebels at Sauchieburn.

James IV. 1473-1513. King of Scotland 1488-. Allied with France vs England. Killed at Flodden.

Jameson Raid. 1895. Abortive British-led revolt vs Boer government of Transvaal.

Jamestown. 1607. First permanent English settlement in North America.

Janácek, Leos. 1854-1928. Czech folk-influenced opera composer. Jenufa 1904.

Japan. 660BC Empire founded by legendary Jimmu. 5C AD First unified state. c552 Buddhism. 1192 First Shogun ruler. 1543 European contact (Portugal). 1639 Isolation. 1868 Meiji restoration. 1945-52 Allies occupy. 1947 Constitutional monarchy.

Jaques-Dalcroze, Émile. 1865-1950. Swiss composer. Developed Eurhythmics 1905.

Jaruzelski, Wojciech. 1923-. Polish leader 1981-90. Banned Solidarity -1989. First free elections, 1989, since WWII.

Jason. Led Argonauts in quest for Golden Fleece.

Jauhar. Indian woman’s suicide by fire before husband’s expected death in battle.

Jaurès, Jean. 1859-1914. French socialist leader. L’Armée nouvelle 1910.

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