Apelles. 4C BC. Greek painter. No surviving works.

Apollo. Greek/Roman perfection of male beauty, god of prophecy, song and music.

Apollonius Rhodius. 3C BC. Poet, librarian at Alexandria. Argonautica.

Apostles. 12 disciples of Jesus. Also, first missionary to a country.

Apostles’ Creed. 410. Widely-used affirmation of Christian faith.

Apostolic Constitutions. c380BC. Books of ecclesiastic law.

Appeasement Policy. 1937-9. British yield to Nazi demands in hope of maintaining peace. Munich Agreement. Gentleman’s Agreement.

Appian of Alexander. 2C. Greek/Roman historian.

Appleseed, Johnny. (Chapman). 1774-1845. US nurseryman. Gave seedlings to pioneers.

Appleton, Edward. 1892-1965. English physicist: Appleton ionospheric layer.

April Theses. 1917. Lenin’s plan for Soviet takeover of state power from provisional government.

Arab-Israeli Wars. 1948-9. Palestinians flee to Arab countries. 1956. Israel captures Sinai, UN takes over. 1967. Six Day War. Israel defeats Egypt, Syria, Jordan, gains Jerusalem, Sinai, Golan,... 1973. Egypt, Syria attack = October War.

Arab League. 1945. Non-aggression and cooperation treaty of Arab states. Collective Treaty of Defence, 1950, to defend against Israeli aggression.

Arabesque. Style characterized by entwined vines, leaves.

Arafat, Yasir. 1929-2004. Arab Fatah PLO leader. President of Palestinian Authority 1996-.

Aragon. 2C BC Rome. 711 Moors. 1035 Independent kingdom. 1076 +Navarre. 1134 -Navarre. 1137 +Catalonia. 1238 +Valencia. 13C +Balearics, Murcia. 1479 +Castile =Spain. Ferdinand.

Aramaeans. Ancient Semitic people of Mesopotamia, Syria. Language widespread 10C-5C BC. Alphabet 720 BC.

Aranjuez, Revolt. 1808. Forced abdication of Charles IV (Spain) and dismissed Prime Minister.

Araucanian Wars. 1530-1870. Chile, Argentina. Natives forced onto reservations.

Arawak. Natives of NE SA, Antilles. Now extinct in W Indies.

Arc de Triomphe. Paris monument. Commissioned 1806 by Napoleon. Completed 1836.

Arcadia, Academy of. 1690. 1925 =Italian Literary Academy. Originally known for poetic, pastoral style.

Arcadian League. 370-362BC. Union of states vs Sparta.

Archduke. Hereditary title of Austrian Hapsburgs.

Archimedes. 287-212BC. Greek mathematician: lever, screw. Principle of displacement of liquid. Screw pump 260BC. Catapult 215BC.

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