Freedmen. Released slaves in Rome, Athens, US South.

French Equatorial Africa. 1839 French settle. 1910 French Equatorial Africa. 1960 Central African Republic + Independent Chad, Gabon, Congo.

French Guiana. 1604 French settle. 1809 France/Portugal. 1816 French. 1852-1946 Penal colonies. Devil’s Is.

French Polynesia. c3C Polynesians settle. 1521 Magellan discovers. 1595 Spanish discover Marquesas. 1767 British discover Tahiti. 1880/81 French colony. 1946 French Overseas Territory.

French Republican Calendar. 1793-1805. 12 30 day months of 3 “decades”. 5-6 holidays at end of year.

French Revolution. 1789-99. Monarchy overthrown. Republic established 1792. Caused by Absolutism, financial crisis, Enlightenment. Terror. Napoleon. French Revolutionary Wars.

French Revolution. 1830. After Charles X’s repressive Four Ordinances of St Cloud.

French Revolutionary Wars. 1792-1802. France vs European powers who opposed Revolution. Napoleonic Wars. Coalition. Pillnitz.

Fresnel, Augustin. 1788-1827. French physicist, wave theory of light 1815. Fresnel lens 1820.

Freyia. Norse goddess of battle, love and song.

Frisia. 530. Raided by Viking Hugleikr.

Froissart, Jean. c1333-1400. French Chronicles of the Hundred Years War 1391.

Frontenac. 1622-98. French Governor of New France. Defeated Iroquois. Expanded fur trade.

Frontier. Moving US boundary between developed east and unsettled west. Opportunity for adventureres, explorers, pioneers.

Fuchs, Klaus. 1911-88. German/British nuclear physicist. Communist spy 1943-50.

Fuchs, Leonhard. 1501-66. German naturalist. Compendium of medicinal plants. Historia Stirpium 1542.

Fuller, R. Buckminster. 1895-1983. US engineer/philosopher. Geodesic Dome.

Fulton, Robert. 1765-1815. US engineer: steam boat Clermont, 1807. Submarine, 1801.

Fulvia. -40BC. Wife of Antony. Led revolt vs Octavian.

Functionalism. 1924-45. Architectural movement of Le Corbusier. Austere objects perfected to carry out their function.

Furetière, Antoine. 1619-88. French satirist/lexicographer. Nouvelle Allégorique 1658. Universal Dictionary 1684.

Furies. Goddesses of vengeance. Alecto, Tisiphone, Megaera.

Fürstenbund. “League of Princes” 1785. Prussian-led association of German states vs Joseph II.

Futurism. 1909-1915. Italian artistic movement founded by Marinetti. Glorified machine age, war and violence. Exemplified by simultaneity of images like strobe effect. Boccioni, Balla.

Gabelle. 1286-1790. French salt tax.

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