Iron Curtain. 1946. Churchill’s name for Russia’s increasing influence in Eastern Europe. Dining à la Russe refers to carving being done behind an iron screen.

Ironclads. 1858-60. Iron-protected wooden warships.

Isabel. 1846-1921. Brazilian princess. As regent during Pedro II absence, abolished slavery 1888. Led to fall of Brazilian Empire.

Isabella. 1292-1358. Ousted husband Edward II in favour of son, Edward III, 1327.

Isabella I. 1451-1504. Queen of Castile. Financed Columbus. United Spain by marrying Ferdinand II. Inquisition.

Isabella II. 1830-1904. Queen of Spain 1833-68. Deposed by Carlists. Salic Law.

Isabella of Bavaria. 1371-1435. French Queen consort/regent 1389-1422. Recognized British heir to French throne. Treaty of Troyes. Hundred Years War.

Isherwood, Christopher. 1904-86. English novelist/playwright. Goodbye to Berlin 1939.

Islam. =Muhammadism. 7C-. Monotheistic religion based on Koran. 1/6 of world’s population, especially north Africa, Middle East, SW Asia. Sunni. Shi’ite. Caliphate Empire.

Islamic Revolution. 1979. Ayatollah Khomeini led overthrow of Pahlavi in Iran.

Isolationism. 19C-1916. US foreign policy of noninvolvement in foreign affairs.

Israel. Palestine. 1948. Republic proclaimed, recognized by US, UN. Jerusalem.

Italian East Africa. 1936-41. Italian colonies in Africa. Ethiopia, Eritrea, Italian Somaliland.

Italian Somaliland. 1890 Italy. 1936-41 WWII Colony. 1960 +British Somaliland =Somalia.

Italo-Turkish War. 1911-12. Italy gains Libya and Rhodes. 1911 First offensive use of airplane (vs Libya).

Ives, Charles. 1874-1954. First major US composer. Unconventional work anticipates 20C techniques. Very influential on later Americans. 3rd Symphony 1904.

Jackson, A.Y. 1882-1974. Canadian landscape painter. Led Group of Seven.

Jacobean Architecture. 1600-1625. English Tudor style refined, restrained and harmonized. U and H plans. Jones.

Jacobites. 1688-1753. Supporters of exiled James II and Stuart line after Glorious Revolution. 1715 “Old Pretender” James fails to claim British throne. 1745-6. Bonnie Prince Charlie unable to reclaim throne of England/Scotland. Stuart supporters aided rebels in Scotland and Ireland. Culloden Moor.

Jade Emperor. Taoist supreme god of the universe, lives in jade palace.

Jaffna. 14C Tamil kingdom in Sri Lanka. 1617 Portugal. 1656 Dutch. 1796 British.

Jagiello. 14-16C. Dynasty ruling Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania.

Jalal ad-Din ar-Rumi. 1207-73. Persian Sufi poet. Founded Whirling Dervishes. Spiritual Couplets.

James, Jesse. 1847-82. US bank robber, outlaw leader.

James I. 1566-1625. James VI of Scotland 1567-. King of England 1603-. United Scotland and England. Authorized Bible 1611.“Wisest fool in Christianity”. Gunpowder Plot. Religious controversy.

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