Positivism. Knowledge based on senses alone. Personal knowledge. Natural laws lead to social engineering to secure a happy society. Comte. Mill. Spencer. Logical Positivism.

Pottawatomie Massacre. 1856. John Brown’s abolitionists kill 5 pro-slavery settlers.

Powys, John. 1872-1963. English writer: Wolf Solent 1929.

Pragmatism. 19-20C. Philosophy emphasizing experiment and practical utility. Pierce. James. Dewey. Schiller.

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. 1848-53. British painters vs Royal Academy. Advocated return to simple classical naturalism. Painted with bright colors on white vs dark tones of the time. Rossetti. Millais. Hunt.

Presbyterianism. 16C-. System of church organization sharing power between clergy and congregation. Calvin. Knox. Episcopacy. Congregationalism.

Prester John. Legendary Christian ruler of vast lands in Africa or Asia.

Privateers. 13-19C. Pirates licensed by letters of marque to plunder enemy vessels. Drake. Hawkins.

Protestantism. Christian doctrine based on faith instead of church dispensations. Reformation. Presbyterianism. Calvin. Luther.

Pym, John. 1583-1643. English Puritan. Led Long Parliament. Civil War.

Ramillies, Battle. 1706. Churchill wins most of Belgium for Britain from France.

Reed, John. 1887-1920. US communist writer. Ten Days that Shook the World 1919.

Reform Bills. England. 1832: Russell redistributes Parliamentary seats, enfranchises renters. 1867: Disraeli enfranchises workers in towns. 1884: Gladstone enfranchises agricultural workers. Representation of People Acts.

Reformation. 16C religious movement against practices of Roman Catholic church led to founding of Protestant churches. Luther. Calvin. Knox. Zwingli. Henry VIII.

Regency. 1800-30. Georgian Classicist architecture with tinge of exotic from the Empire. Stucco facing on brick. Nash. Soane. Hope. Sheraton. Decorative Arts: Neoclassical, Egyptian motifs.

Rennie John. 1761-1821. British architect of Waterloo Bridge, 1811.

Ringling, John. 1866-1936. Circus impressario 1884. Bought Barnum and Bailey 1907.

Rockefeller, John. 1839-1937. US oil millionaire, philanthropist.

Roebling, John. 1806-69. US civil enginerer. First steel cable suspension bridges. Began Brooklyn Bridge.

Rogers, John. 1500-55. English Protestant martyr. Published forerunner of King James Bible.

Rolfe, John. 1585-1622. English colonist in Virginia. Married Pocahontas.

Ross, James. 1800-62. Scottish discoverer of North magnetic pole 1831 with uncle John Ross.

Ross, John. 1777-1856. Scottish. Led North magnetic pole expedition.

Ruskin, John. 1819-1900. English writer and Pre-Raphaelite art critic. Social reformer.

Russell, John. 1792-1878. British Liberal Prime Minister 1846~66. Reform Bill 1832.

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