Cierva y Cordoniu, Juan de la. 1895-1936. Spanish autogyro inventor 1923. First vertical take-off 1934.

Cimabue, Giovanni. c1240-1302. Italian painter. Broke from Byzantine to natural style by characterizing individuals. St. John. Pisa Cathedral. Sta Trinita Madonna c1290.

Cinematography. 1889 Edison kinetoscope. 1895 Lumière Cinematographe. 1906 Color. 1928 Talky. 1929 Technicolor.

Cinna, Lucius. c84BC. Roman consul. Killed Sulla’s supporters. Assassinated.

CIS. 1991. Commonwealth of Independent States led by Russia. Ukraine, Belarus. Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova.

Cisalpine Republic. 1797-1802. North Italy, created by Napoleon. 1802 Italian Republic. 1805-15 Kingdom of Italy.

Civil Rights Acts. US. 1866 Black citizenship. 1964 Ends all legal discrimination. 1968 Bans housing discrimination. 1991 Equal employment.

Civil Rights Movement. 1950-91. US movement to obtain rights for blacks. 1955 Parks. 1963 March on Washington. King speech. 1991 Civil Rights Act.

Clarence, Duke of. 1449-78. Conspired vs brother Henry IV. Executed.

Clarendon Constitution. 1164. Henry II limits church power in England. Opposed by Becket.

Clark, William. 1770-1838. US explorer of Pacific NW with Lewis.

Clarke, Arthur C. 1917-2008. British science fiction writer. Predicted geosynchronous satellites 1945. 2001: A Space Odyssey 1968.

Classical. 500-300BC Greek Art. Idealized figure sculptures. Doric, Ionic, Corinthian architecture. Praxiteles. Roman Art. 1C BC-2C AD. Greek forms; added arch. Sculpture: realistic portraits, dramatic bas-relief.

Classicism. Art and architecture in imitation of Greek and Roman styles. Neoclassical.

Clausewitz, Karl von. 1780-1831. German. On War 1816.

Clemens, Samuel. = Mark Twain.

Clement V. Pope 1305-14. Moved papacy to Avignon. Dissolved Knights Templar 1312. Prohibited usury.

Cleomenes I. Spartan King. c521-491BC. Maintained Spartan dominance.

Cleomenes III. -c219BC. Spartan King 235-222. Defeated Achaean League. Lost to Macedonia.

Cleopatra VII. 69-30BC. Queen of Egypt, lover of Caesar and Antony. Suicide.

Clinton, William J. 1946- US president 1993-2001. Impeached, acquitted over Lewinsky affair. Signed NAFTA. Raised taxes.

Clocks. 3500BC Gnomon. 2000BC Chinese. 8C BC sundial 4C BC Greek water clock. 300BC hemispherical sundial 160BC Rome. 12C mechanical. 1379 de Vick. 1657 Huygens pendulum.

Clotaire I. -561. Son of Clovis. Merovingian king of Franks 511-. Reunited empire 558-61.

Clotaire II. 584-629. Merovingian king of Neustria. Reunited Frankish Empire 613, but ceded power to nobles.

Clovis I. 465-511. Salian Frankish king 481-. Conquered N Gaul. Baptized at Reims. Moved capital to Paris in 506. First Merovingian king of France.

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