Tojo Hideki. 1884-1948. Japanese general, Prime Minister 1941-4. Pearl Harbor. Hung for war crimes.

Tokugawa. 1603-1868. Japanese Shogun dynasty. =Edo Period. Isolationist. Genroku arts of “floating world”.

Tokugawa, Keiki. 1837-1913. Last Japanese Shogun 1867-8. Peaceful Meiji Restoration of Emperor.

Tokugawa Mitsukuni. 1628-1700. Feudal leader, key to History of Great Japan 1658-1906.

Tolkien, JRR. 1892-1973. English philologist, fantasy novelist. Lord of the Rings 1954.

Tolpuddle Martyrs. 1834. 6 British farmworkers transported despite protests for union organizing.

Tolstoy, Lev. 1828-1910. Russian historical novelist. Moralist. Occupied with social reforms; freed his serfs. Founded Christian anarchist religion. War and Peace 1863-9. Anna Karenina 1875-7.

Tonga. c500BC Polynesians. 1616 Dutch explore. 1777 Cook. 1900 British protectorate. 1970 Independent.

Tonkin Resolution. 1964. Congress approves US forces in Vietnam.

Tonypandy Riots. 1910. Police control striking coal miners. Cavalry held in reserve by Churchill.

Torun, Treaty. 1466. Poland, Teutonic Knights. Poland regains Prussia. Knights acknowledge Polish sovereignty.

Tory. Term (Irish = outlaw) applied 1679 to Duke of York supporters. English Royalist political party 1690-1830, refounded as Conservative Party 1833. In US: =colonists loyal to Britain during American Revolution.

Totila. -552. Ostrogoth king. Reconquered Italy.

Tour d’Argent. Paris restaurant where Henry IV learned the use of the fork.

Tours, Truce. 1444-49. Break in Hundred Years War.

Toussaint L’Ouverture, Francois. c1743-1803. Haitian rebel. Helped French expel Britain, Spain. Emancipated slaves. Established black governed French protectorate.

Towton, Battle. 1461. York victory in War of Roses. Henry VI fled England. Edward IV took crown.

Toynbee, Arnold. 1852-83. English economist, social reformer on behalf of the working class. The Industrial Revolution 1884.

Trade Unions. Legalized: 1824 Britain. 1834 France. 1869 Germany. 1875 British legalized picketing.

Trafalgar, Battle. 1805. Nelson’s victory over the French and Spanish fleets. British naval superiority secured. Nelson killed. Ends Napoleon’s plans to invade England.

Transcontinental Treaty. 1819. Spain renounces Florida, Oregon to US. Keeps Texas.

Transjordan. 1921-46 Emirate. 1946-49 Kingdom = Jordan.

Transkei. Bantu territory of South Africa. 1962 Self government. 1976 Independence recognized, but only by South Africa.

Transvaal. Bantu. 1836 Boers settle. Great Trek. 1855 South African Republic. 1877 British. 1881 Self-government. 1900 British. 1907 Self-governed. 1910 Union of South Africa.

Trappists. 1664-. Cistercian monks. Austerity, silence.

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