Antioch. 300BC Seleucus I founds. 64BC Rome. First reference to disciples as Christians c42. 540 Persia. 637 Moslem. 10-11C Syrian capital. 969 Byzantine. 1098 Crusader State. 1268 Egypt. 1517 Ottoman. 1920 Syria. 1939 Turkey.

Antisthenes. c445-365BC. Greek philosopher. Founder of Cynics.

Antony, Mark. c83-30BC. Caesar’s lieutenant. Triumvirate 43-32. Defeated at Actium with Cleopatra. Suicide.

Anubis. Jackal-headed Egyptian god of dead.

Anville, J.B. d’. 1697-1782. French cartographer known for accuracy.

Apelles. 4C BC. Greek painter. No surviving works.

Aphrodite. Greek goddess of love and beauty, Roman Venus.

Apocrypha. 14 Books of the Old Testament excluded by Protestants and Jews.

Apollinaire, Guillaume. 1880-1918. Italian/French avant-garde poet, coined term Surrealism to describe Chagall work.

Apollo. Greek/Roman perfection of male beauty, god of prophecy, song and music.

Apollodorus. 5C BC. Athenian painter. Shading. No surviving work.

Apollonius of Perga. c262-190BC. Greek mathematician: named conic sections: ellipse, hyperbola, parabola.

Apostolic Constitutions. c380BC. Books of ecclesiastic law.

Appian of Alexander. 2C. Greek/Roman historian.

April Theses. 1917. Lenin’s plan for Soviet takeover of state power from provisional government.

Aquila Ponticus. 2C. Translated Old Testament from Hebrew to Greek. Version adopted by Jews.

Aquitaine. 1C BC Rome. 5C Visigoth. 507 Franks. 700 Independent. 1137 French. 1152 English 1453 French.

Arab-Israeli Wars. 1948-9. Palestinians flee to Arab countries. 1956. Israel captures Sinai, UN takes over. 1967. Six Day War. Israel defeats Egypt, Syria, Jordan, gains Jerusalem, Sinai, Golan,... 1973. Egypt, Syria attack = October War.

Arabia. Semite. 6C BC Chaldean. c106BC Rome. 622 Caliphate Empire. 16C Ottoman. 17C Persia (E). Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, UAR, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain.

Aragon. 2C BC Rome. 711 Moors. 1035 Independent kingdom. 1076 +Navarre. 1134 -Navarre. 1137 +Catalonia. 1238 +Valencia. 13C +Balearics, Murcia. 1479 +Castile =Spain. Ferdinand.

Arai Hakuseki. 1657-1725. Japanese Confucian philosopher, statesman, historian.

Aranyakas. c700BC. Vedic text on rituals.

Ararat, Mount. Noah’s Ark landing place. 9-7C BC.

Arawak. Natives of NE SA, Antilles. Now extinct in W Indies.

Arcadia. Ancient Greek region of Peloponnesus. Megalopolis.

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