Francis Joseph II. 1906-89. Ruled Liechtenstein 1938-. Neutral in WWII. High tech, banking, Europe’s richest nation. Woman suffrage 1984.

Franciscans. 1209. Religious order founded by St. Francis of Assisi. Missionary and educational work. Includes Capuchins, Conventuals, Observants, Zealots.

Franck, César. 1822-90. Belgian/French organist, Romantic composer.

Franconia. 843-. Nucleus of E Frankish kingdom. Duke = First elected German king Conrad I.

Frank, Anne. 1929-45. German Jew in Amsterdam. 2 yrs in hiding from Nazis. Diary 1947.

Frankfurt, Treaty. 1871. Ended Franco-Prussian War. France paid indemnity, gave up Alsace-Lorraine.

Frankfurt Assembly. 1848-9. Adopted constitution, basis of North German Confederation 1867.

Frankish Kingdom, East. 843. Division of Carolingian Empire. ≈modern Germany.

Frankish Kingdom, West. 843. Division of Carolingian Empire. ≈modern France. Franks.

Franklin, Benjamin. 1706-90. US author, scientist, revolutionary leader. Poor Richard’s Almanac 1732-57. Franklin Stove 1744. Lightning rod 1752. Bifocals 1784.

Franklin, John. 1786-1847. English explorer. Sought NW Pasage 1819-22.

Franks. Germanic tribes invaded France, 3-5C. Clovis. Frankish.

Frederick I. (Barbarossa). c1123-90. HRE 1155-. Crusades. Opposed papal authority.

Frederick I. 1657-1713. Creator and first king of Prussia, 1701.

Frederick II. 1194-1250. Holy Roman Emperor. 1220-. King of Sicily 1198-. King of Jerusalem 1229-. Patron of arts, education.

Frederick II. The Great. 1712-86. Powerful Prussian king. Siezed Silesia from Austria. Patron of Arts. Liberal internal reforms.

Frederick III. 1609-70. King of Norway and Denmark, 1648-. Lost much of territory to Sweden.

Frederick IV. 1671-1730. King of Norway and Denmark, 1699-. Abolished serfdom. Educational system.

Frederick VI. 1769-1839. King of Norway and Denmark, 1808-. Sided with Napoleon. Lost Norway to Sweden.

Frederick VII. 1808-63. Danish king 1848-. Formed Constitutional Monarchy.

Frederick IX. 1899-1972. Danish king 1947-. Imprisoned by Nazis, 43-45.

Frederick the Fair. 1286-1330. Fought Louis IV unsuccessfully for German crown 1314-22.

Fredrikshamn, Peace. 1809. Sweden cedes Finland to Russia.

Free Enterprise. Capitalist economic doctrine of a market free from government control.

French Fury. 1583. Antwerp citizens kill 2,000 occupying French soldiers.

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