Tientsin Massacre. 1870. 20 French killed. China apologizes. End of China/Western co-operation.

Tocqueville, Alexis de. 1805-59. French liberal historian. Democracy in America 1835. Dangers of Democracy.

Tojo Hideki. 1884-1948. Japanese general, Prime Minister 1941-4. Pearl Harbor. Hung for war crimes.

Tokugawa. 1603-1868. Japanese Shogun dynasty. =Edo Period. Isolationist. Genroku arts of “floating world”.

Toleration, Act of. 1689. England. Religious freedom for non-conformists.

Toleration, Edict of. 1781. Holy Roman Empire. Freedom of worship.

Torch, Operation. 1942-3. Anglo-US operations in French NW Africa. Vichy France calls for Axis support in Tunis.

Torquemada, Tomás de. 1420-98. Dominican Inquisitor General, Spain. Worst atrocities. Expelled Jews 1492.

Trent Affair. 1861. US sieze British mail ship in Civil War, remove two Confederate commissioners.

Trudeau, Pierre. 1919-2000. Canadian Liberal Prime Minister 1969~84. Constitution Act 1982; Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Ts’ao Ts’ao. 155-220. Shrewd unscrupulous Chinese general. Suppressed Yellow Turban Rebellion. Established Wei dynasty.

Tseng Kuo-fan. 1811-72. Chinese general. Suppressed Taiping Rebellion 1850-64.

Ugolino della Gherardesca. -1289. Italian Guelf noble. Executed by starvation for treason.

Ulbricht, Walter. 1893-1973. East German Stalinist General Secretary 1950-71. Head of State 1960-. Ordered Berlin Wall.

Union. The North. States which did not secede during the American Civil War. Confederacy.

United Arab Emirates. 1820 = Trucial States. 1892 British protectorate. 1971 Independent federation.

United Provinces of Central America. CAF.

Urquiza, Justo de. 1801-70. Overthrew dictator, de Rosas. Argentine Confederation president 1854-60.

U Thant. 1909-74. Burmese United Nations Secretary General 1961-7.

Utraquists. 15C. Moderate Bohemian Hussite sect; most re-absorbed by Roman Catholic Church 1620. Moravian Church.

Van de Graaff, Robert. 1901-67. US physicist. Particle accelerator 1929. High voltage generator 1932.

Vatican. 1146 Palace begun. 1377 Principal Papal residence. 11,000 rooms; world’s largest residence. 1929 Sovereign. Lateran Treaty.

Vatican City. 1929 State established by Lateran Treaty.

Vera Cruz Incident. 1914. Mexico seizes US ship. US attacks Vera Cruz.

Verdi, Giusseppe. 1813-1901. Italian Nationalist operatic composer. Otello. Rigoletto 1851. Traviata 1853. Aida 1871.

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