Alemanni. 3-6C. Confederation of Germanic tribes in Swabia defeated by Clovis, 496.

Alembert, Jean Le Rand d’. 1717-83. French philosopher and mathematician, Encyclopaedist.

Alexander, Harold (of Tunis). 1891-1969. British. Supreme Allied Commander, Mediterranean 1944-45. Directed Dunkirk evacuation. Governor General of Canada, 1946-52.

Alexander I. 1777-1825. Russian Czar, 1801-. Liberal reformer. Defeated Napoleon. Holy Alliance.

Alfonso XIII. 1886-1941. King of Spain 1886-1931. Survived 5 assassination attempts. Support for Primo de Rivera weakened monarchy.

Alien and Sedition Acts. 1798-1800/02. US fear French Revolution. Forbade criticism of government. Abused by Federalists vs Republicans.

Altdorfer, Albrecht. c1480-1538. German founder landscape painting.

Althusius, Johannes. 1557-1638. German jurist. “Father of Federalism”.

Alvarez, Luis. 1911-88. US physicist. Linear accelerator, bubble chamber.

Alvarez Quintero, Joaquin. 1873-1944, + Serafin 1871-1938. Spanish playwrights.

American Civil War. 1861-5. Abolitionist North defeats slave-owning South. Britain and France support South, Russia supports North. Union. Confederacy.

Andorra. Ibericbasc. Greeks/Carthaginians/Romans/Visigoths 8C Muslim. 803 Charlemagne. 1133 Bishop of Urgell. 1159 Fiefdom of Foix. 1278- Principality under joint French, Spanish suzerainty. 1993 Constitution. Coprincipality.

Annan, Kofi. 1938-. Ghana. UN Secretary General. Bosnian peacekeeping.

Anne. 1665-1714. British Queen 1702-. Reign notable for literarature, science, architecture. Last Stuart. Acts of Union, Settlement.

Antaeus. Giant son of Poseiden killed by Heracles.

Anti-Saloon League. 1893 US Temperance organization. Prohibition.

Antigua. Carib. 1493 Columbus discovers. 1632 English settle. 18C slave trade. 1958-62 West Indies Federation. 1967 Self-government. 1981 Independent +Barbuda.

Antipater. -319BC. Macedonian general and regent.

Anvil, Operation. 1944. Allied invasion of south France.

Arab League. 1945. Non-aggression and cooperation treaty of Arab states. Collective Treaty of Defence, 1950, to defend against Israeli aggression.

Arafat, Yasir. 1929-2004. Arab Fatah PLO leader. President of Palestinian Authority 1996-.

Arcadia, Academy of. 1690. 1925 =Italian Literary Academy. Originally known for poetic, pastoral style.

Argentina. Tehuelch, Querandi, Puelche, Inca. 1536 Spanish. 1776 Viceroyalty of La Plata. 1816 Independent United Province of La Plata. 1862 =Argentina. 1943 Peron. 1982 Falklands War. 2001 Economic collapse.

Argus. 100 eyed keeper of Io, killed by Hermes. Hera gave eyes to the peacock.

Aristides. 540-468BC. Athenian general at Marathon.

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