Elgin, James Bruce, 8th Earl of. 1811-63. Governor General. Worked for independent Canadian government.

Elizabeth I. 1533-1603. Queen of England, 1558-. Stable, prosperous reign of literature and art. Restored Protestantism. Supported them abroad.

Emancipation Proclamation. 1863. Lincoln frees all slaves in Confederacy.

Encyclopédists. 1751-72. Group who wrote encyclopaedia under Diderot. Voltaire, Helvetius, D’Alembert. As sceptics, they popularized social ideas which led to the French Revolution.

Entente Cordiale. 1904. Anglo-French agreement. Defined spheres of influence in Africa and Pacific allowing co-operation vs Germany.

Epaminondas. c410-362BC. Thebian general, statesman. Defeated Sparta at Leuctra. Permanently changed balance of power.

Epicurus. c341-270BC. Greek Philospher. Founded Epicureanism. Maximum pleasure attained through moderation.

Epoch of Civil War. 1863-80. Colombian liberals vs conservatives. Núñez forms coalition.

Erasmus, Desiderius. c1466-1536. Dutch Humanist ecclesiastic reform writer. Published first New Testament based on Greek, 1516. Reason over ignorance and superstition. Opposed Luther. Praise of Folly. Enchiridion: Christ requires of us nothing but a pure and sincere life.

Erastus, Thomas. 1524-83. Swiss theologian. Advocated complete domination of state over church.

Erato. Greek Muse of lyric poetry.

Eratosthenes. c276-194BC. Alexandrian mathematician, philosopher. Measured earth’s circumference, tilt of axis. World map 220BC.

Estates General. States General.

Eugène of Savoy, Prince. 1663-1736. French General of H.R. Imperial armies. Defeated Turks in Vienna and Hungary.

Europe, Council of. 1949-. To protect common heritage, human rights and harmonize legislation by replacing bilateral treaties.

Evangelicalism. Protestant churches that follow literal biblical interpretation.

Expressionism. 20C Literary style expressing essence of subject by exaggerating characteristics. Sounds and symbols. Joyce. Kafka. O’Neill. Woolf. Beckman.

Exuperantius, St. 3C Zurich martyr.

Fahrenheit, Gabriel. 1686-1736. German physicist, inventor of temperature scale 1712. Alcohol thermometer 1709. Mercury thermometer 1714.

Fairfax, Thomas. 1612-71. English Parliamentarian Civil War general. Commander-in-Chief of New Model Army. Victor at Marston Moor.

Falange. 1933-37. Spanish Fascist party founded by Primo de Rivera. Merged with Franco 1937. Won civil war.

Fallen Timbers, Battle. 1794. US defeat NW Confederation Indians, ending resistance.

Farmers-General. 17C French financiers who bought right to collect taxes for a fixed fee.

Farouk I. 1920-65. Egyptian king 1936-52. Vs Wafd. Coup by Nasser-led Free Officers.

FBI. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 1908-. US indep. federal police force. Hoover.

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