Abjuration, Act. 1581. Dutch declaration of independence from Spain. Republic 1588.

Academy. c387BC-529. Greek school founded by Plato dedicated to exploration of science and philosophical truth. Closed by Justinian.

Acre. 1450BC- Egypt/ Assyria/ Persia/ Macedonia. 336BC Alexander...Egypt. 1C Rome. 614 Persia. 638 Moslem. 969 Egypt. 1079 Seljuk. 1099 Crusaders. 1104 Jerusalem. 1187 Saladin. 1191 Crusaders. 1291 Mameluks. 1517 Turks. 1918 British. 1948 Israel.

Ahimsa. Hindu/Buddhist doctrine: non-injury to all living things. Jainism.

Aho, Juhani. 1861-1921. Finnish novelist.

Alesia. 52BC. Caesar defeats Vercingétorix, 52BC. Decisive in conquering Gaul.

Aljubarrota, Battle. 1385. Confirmed Portugal’s independence from Castile.

Alp-Arslan. c1030-72. Seljuk Sultan. Defeated Byzantines. Turks dominate Asia Minor.

Althusius, Johannes. 1557-1638. German jurist. “Father of Federalism”.

Amritsar Riot. 1919. British Dyer opens fire on unarmed Indians. 379 dead. 1200 injured.

Analytical Psychology. Jungian psychology.

Anatolia. 1900BC Hittite(C)/ Akkadian(E). 1200BC Phrygian. 8C Lydia. 546 Cyrus. 334BC Alexander. 133 AD Rome...Byzantine. 1071 Seljuk. 1243 Mongol/Crusaders. 1307 Ottoman. 1920 Turkey.

Andromaque. Wife of Hector, model of conjugal and maternal love.

Angles. Germanic tribe that invaded Britain in 6C. Jutes. Saxons.

Anti-Semitism. Racial prejudice against Jews. Pogrom. Final Solution.

Antony, Mark. c83-30BC. Caesar’s lieutenant. Triumvirate 43-32. Defeated at Actium with Cleopatra. Suicide.

Aranjuez, Revolt. 1808. Forced abdication of Charles IV (Spain) and dismissed Prime Minister.

Archangels. Chief angels of Christian, Judaic, Islamic, other religions.

Argentina. Tehuelch, Querandi, Puelche, Inca. 1536 Spanish. 1776 Viceroyalty of La Plata. 1816 Independent United Province of La Plata. 1862 =Argentina. 1943 Peron. 1982 Falklands War. 2001 Economic collapse.

Arjun. 1563-1606. Sikh guru, first martyr.

Armenia. 9C BC Vannic kingdom. 8C BC Persians, Assyrians, Armenians settle. 521BC Persian. 331BC Alexander...Seleucid. 298 Rome. 387 Persia/Byzantine. 7C Moslem. 885 Independent kingdom. 1071 Seljuk. 13C Mongol. 1405 Ottoman/Persian. 1514 Ottoman. 1918 Independent. 1920 Russia/Turkey. 1990 Independent. CIS.

Armstrong, Neil. 1930-. US astronaut, first man on the moon, 22:56 EDT, July 20,1969.

Art Nouveau. (Jugendstil). 1885-1910. Originally English style of art and architecture. Reaction to Industrial uniformity. Beardsley. Tiffany. Gaudi.

Austen, Jane. 1775-1817. English novelist: Sense and Sensibility, 1811, Pride and Prejudice, 1813. “the exquisite touch which renders the commonplace interesting”-W. Scott. Emma 1816.

Bacon, Roger. 1214-94. English Franciscan monk. Advocated scientific experiment, observation. Alchemist. Formulated gunpowder. Magnifying glass 1250. Opus Majus 1266.Telescope.

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