India-Pakistan Wars. 1949. Splits Kashmir. 1965. India gains most of Rann of Kutch. 1971. Bangladesh Independence.

Innocent III. c1160-1216. Pope 1198-. Peak power of papacy. Fourth Crusade. Authorized incorporation of University of Paris 1215. Placed Inquisition under Franciscans and Dominicans. Crowned Frederick II.

Interactionism. Descartes. False idea that the mind affects body through pineal gland.

International Brigades. 1936-9. 60,000 volunteers who opposed Franco in Spanish Civil War.

Invalides. 1670-7. Louis XIV built to house 4,000 invalid soldiers. Architect: Bruant, dome by Mansart. Tomb of Napoleon.

Ionia. 1000BC Greeks colonize. 546BC Cyrus. 479 Independent. 334 Alexander. 133BC Rome. 15C Ottomans destroyed cities.

Ionian School. 6C BC. Greek philosophers. Thales. Araximanedes. Diogenes. Explained phenomena in terms of physical forces.

Isaac. Old Testament Patriarch. Abraham’s son from whom all Jews descend. Spared from sacrifice.

Ishmael. Abraham and Hagar’s son, from whom all Arabs descend. Midianites.

Ishtar. Assyrian and Babylonian goddess of love, sex, and war. Earth Mother.

Israelites. -930BC. Descendants of Jacob. 930BC- Inhabitants of N Palestine vs Judah. Jews who are not Cohens or Levites.

Italo-Turkish War. 1911-12. Italy gains Libya and Rhodes. 1911 First offensive use of airplane (vs Libya).

Jacquemart de Hesdin. Court painter: Grandes Heures du Duc de Berry 1409.

Jericho. c9000BC. First walled city. 2300BC Amorite. 1900BC Canaanite. c1300BC Israelites destroy.

Jerusalem. 3500BC settled. c1000BC David conquers for Israel. 721BC Assyrians conquer. Lost Tribes. 586BC Nebuchadnezzar. 539BC Cyrus. 332BC Alexander...320BC Ptolemy I Soter. 197BC Seleucid. 167BC Hasmonaean. 63BC Rome. 324 Byzantine. 614 Persia. 637 Moslem. 1099 Crusades. Latin Kingdom. 1187 Saladin. 1260 Mameluk. 1517 Ottoman. 1917 British Mandate. 1949 Israel/Jordan. 1967 Israel re-unites. 1996 Israel/Palestinian Authority.

Jerusalem, Kingdom. 1099-1291. Palestine kingdom created by leaders of First Crusade. King of Jerusalem used as title until 15C.

Jewish Revolts. vs Romans. 66-73: Failed, Temple destroyed. 132-5: Suppressed by Hadrian. Jews banished from Jerusalem.

Jews. Individuals of Jewish parentage or Judaic religion. Descendents of Israelites who survived Babylonian Captivity. Hebrew.

Jimmu Tennõ. c660BC. Japan’s legendary first Emperor. Direct descendent of Sun goddess.

John of Brienne. 1148-1237. French. Led 5th Crusade. King of Jerusalem 1210-25.

Joseph II. 1741-90. Holy Roman Emperor, 1765-. Enlightened despot. Edict of Tolerance. Dominated by mother, Maria Theresa -1780.

Joshua. Old Testament hero. Led conquest of Canaan. Destroyed Jericho.

Jude, St. Apostle of Jesus. Martyred in Persia.

Juno. Roman goddess of women and marriage. = Hera. Frigg.

Kali. Hindu goddess of death and destruction.

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