Samaritans. Jewish sect. Claim descent from Jews not deported 722BC. A claim rejected by other Jews. Lost Ten Tribes of Israel.

Sanhedrin. -70. Jerusalem council of Jewish elders.

Scribe. c5C-200BC. Jewish scholar, teacher. 200BC- jurist/doctor of law.

Shabbetai, Tzevi. 1626-76. Jewish false Messiah. Converted to Islam 1666.

Slansky Trial. 1952. Jewish Czech communists purged during Stalin anti-semitism. Those executed were restored to party membership 1968.

Temporary Rules. 1882-1912. Russian anti-Jewish restrictions after pogrom 1881.

Yiddish. 12C- European Jewish language from High German+Hebrew+Slavic.

Zealots. Jewish sect. Led revolt vs Rome 66-70. Used terrorism, assassination of those friendly to Rome. Masada.

Zionism. 1882-1947. Aspirations of a Jewish nation in Israel. Balfour Declaration. Herzl.

Académie Française. Assembly of 40 “immortals” founded 1635 by Richelieu to set literary standards, language.

Achaean League. 5-4C BC. Greek towns in common defence against pirates in Gulf of Corinth. 280-146BC. Model for federal government. Created to fight Macedonia. Dissolved by Romans.

Achilles. Greek hero of Trojan Wars, invulnerable except for his heel, subject of Homer’s Iliad.

Adelard of Bath. 1090-c1150. English mathematician/translator introduced Arabic numerals.

Adenauer, Konrad. 1876-1967. First chancellor of German Federal Republic., 1949-63. Stabilized postwar Germany.

Adler, Alfred. 1870-1937. Austrian psychiatrist. Split with Freud, 1911.

Adlerian Psychology. Man is driven to attain power to compensate for “inferiority feeling”. Can lead to “Overcompensation”, e.g. short dictators. Neuroses are illnesses as an excuse for underachievement.

Adrian VI. 1459-1523. Only Dutch pope 1522-. Taught Erasmus.

Aetius, Flavius. -454. Roman general, defeated Attila at Catalonia, 451.

Aetolian League. 4-2C BC. Confederation of Greek city states, led by Thebes.

Afghanistan. c200BC Aryan. 6C BC Achaemenid. 330 Alexander...Seleucid/ Maurya. 2C BC Persia/ India/ Parthia/ Kushan. 7C Arab (NW). 750 Persia (W)/ Hindu (E). 1219 Mongol...Timurid. 1525 Mogul. 1737 Persia. 1747 Monarchy. 19 C Britain/Russia dispute 1880 British suzerainty. 1919 Independent. 1973 Marxist coup, Republic. 1978 Communist coup. 1979 Russian occupation. 1989 Mujahideen expel Russians aided by CIA. 1990s Warlords. 2001 US attack Taliban.

AFL-CIO. American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations. AFL 1886. CIO 1935. Merged, 1955. US labour union federation.

Agrippa, Marcus V. 63-12BC. Roman general, supported Octavian.

Albert, Prince Consort. 1819-1861. Married Queen Victoria, 1840. Responsible for International exhibitions 1851, 62. Moderated Trent Affair.

Alcibiades. c450-404BC. Athenian egoist general, Peloponnesian War. Murdered.

Alemanni. 3-6C. Confederation of Germanic tribes in Swabia defeated by Clovis, 496.

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