Tubruq, Battle. WWII. British defeat Italians in Libya.

Ugolino della Gherardesca. -1289. Italian Guelf noble. Executed by starvation for treason.

Valla, Lorenzo. 1407-57. Italian Humanist scholar. Exposed Donation of Constantine, 1440.

Vasari, Giorgio. 1511-74. Italian Mannerist painter, architect, writer. Coined term Renaissance. Painters Lives 1550. Uffizi Palace architect.

Vega Carpio, Lope Felix de. 1562-1635. “Father” of Spanish drama. 1800 plays. Italian form to Spanish poetry.

Venetian school. 15-18C Italian Arcadian painting of brilliant mosaic color. Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, Tintoretto. Montegna.

Verdi, Giusseppe. 1813-1901. Italian Nationalist operatic composer. Otello. Rigoletto 1851. Traviata 1853. Aida 1871.

Vico, Giambattista. 1668-1744. Italian cultural philosopher: Scienzo Nuova 1720.

Victor Emmanuel III. 1869-1947. Last Italian king 1900~46. Supported Mussolini. Abdicated.

Volsci. -338BC. Italian peoples conquered by Rome.

Volta, Alessandro. 1745-1827. Italian physicist: electric battery 1800.

Wolf, Hugo. 1860-1903. Austrian poet/song writer. Subtle interweaving of piano and vocal based on German, Spanish, Italian poems.

Wyat, Thomas. 1503-42. English poet. Introduced Italian sonnet form to English.

Young Italy. 1831-48 Mazzini movement to establish an Italian Republic.

Zuccarelli, Francesco. 1702-88. Italian landscape artist. Influenced English. Florentine Royal Academy 1768.

Djibouti. 1896 =French Somaliland (Afars, Issas). 1977 Independent.

French Somaliland. Djibouti.