Orlov, Grigory, Count. 1734-83. Russian lover of Catherine II; led coup vs Peter III. Advocated liberating Christians from Ottoman rule.

Oughtred, Wm. 1574-1660. English. Slide rule c1630 (circular), 1633 (rectilinear).

Pale. Region of a country subject to separate laws or government. 1171-16C part of Ireland subject to English rule. Pale of Settlement 1792-1917, Jews in Russia.

Pangkor Engagement. 1874. Treaty with Perak established British rule in Malaya.

Pathet Lao. 1950-91. Laotian communists vs French rule in Indochina.

Pepin II. -714. Ruler of Franks 687-. United Merovingian kingdoms by defeating Neustria 687.

Philippine Insurrection. 1899-1902. Filipinos rebel vs US rule.

Poitiers, Battle. 732. Charles Martel halts invasion, saving Europe from Moslem rule. 1356. Edward the Black Prince defeats and captures John II. Brétigny Treaty.

Poland, Partitions of. 1772 Russia, Prussia, Austria take a third each. 1793 Russia, Prussia invade to restore conservative rule. 1795 After revolt, Austria, Prussia, Russia. divide remainder.

Prester John. Legendary Christian ruler of vast lands in Africa or Asia.

Psamtik I. -610BC. Pharaoh 664-. Reunited Egypt. Ended Assyrian rule.

Ptolemy I Suter. c366-283BC. Ruled Egypt 323-; king 305-. General of Alexander the Great.

Ptolemy XIV. c59-44BC. Last Macedonian king of Egypt 47-. Brother, co-ruler with Cleopatra.

Public Safety, Committee. 1793-4. Ruled France during Terror.

Queensberry Rules. 1867. Boxing.

Regency. England. 1811-20. George, Prince of Wales ruled for insane father, George III.

Rhuddlan, Statute. 1284. English rule Wales.

Rizal, José. 1861-96. Philippine writer/leader vs Spanish rule. Executed.

Robert, Henry. 1837-1923. US writer. Robert’s Rules of Order 1876.

Roger I. 1031-1101. Brother, ally of Robert Guiscard. Ruled Two Sicilies 1085-.

Roses, War of. 1455-85. York (white) vs Lancaster (red) for English throne. Lancaster rule ended. Henry VII (Tudor/Lancaster) married Elizabeth (York). Bosworth Field. Plantagenet.

Rurik. -879. Varangian prince, First ruler of Russia. Dynasty ruled to1598.

Salians. Dynasty. Ruled HRE 1024-1125. Investiture Controversy with pope.

Saxony. 843 «East Frankish Kingdom. 919-1024 Ruled HRE. 1180 Divided. 1697 Elector (King) of Poland. 1785 Fürstenbund. 1806 Napoleon creates Kingdom. 1815 Half to Prussia. 1815 German Confederation. 1835 Zollverein. 1867 North German Confederation. 1871 German Empire. 1918 Abolished monarchy. 1920 Republic. 1933 Germany.

Seljuks. 1075-1242. Turkish dynasty ruled Caliphate Empire. Attacks vs Byzantines led to Crusades. Nucleus for Ottoman Empire.

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