Lamian War. 323-322BC. Greek city-states rebel vs Macedonian rule. Defeated by Antipater.

Lauderdale, John. 1616-82. Scottish statesman. Cabal Ministry. Repressive rule of Scotland.

Leo XIII. 1810-1903. Pope 1878-. Rerum Novarum 1891: right to private property. Ended opposition to scientific progress. Longest papal rule.

León. 910-1230. Spanish kingdom. Ruled Galicia, Asturias; Portugal to 1143. 1230 +Castile.

Leopold II. 1835-1909. King of Belgians 1865-. Ruled Congo ruthlessly.

Lese Majesty. Crime against state or its ruler. Treason.

Limerick Capitulation. 1691. Confirmed English rule and Protestant land ownership in Ireland.

London Declaration. 1909. Proposed rules for naval warfare. Not ratified.

Longchamp, William. -1197. English Chancellor. Ruled in Richard I’s absence 1190-1. Arranged ransom 1193 ending John’s rebellion.

Louis IV. c1283-1347. German king 1314-. Holy Roman Emperor, 1328-. German electors overrule Pope to make him Emperor.

Macao. 1557 Portuguese settle. 1849 Free port. 1887 Treaty confirms Portugal rule.

Malatesta. 13-16C. Italian family. Ruled Rimini.

Mantua, Siege. 1796-7. Napoleon defeats Austria to rule Italy.

Maupeou, René. 1714-92. French chancellor dissolved Parlement 1771, creating absolute rule.

Mazarin, Jules. 1602-61. French Cardinal, politician. Power during Louis XIV rule, regent 1643-61. Ended 30 Years war. Defeated the Fronde 1653. Supported strong monarchy.

Medici. Merchant family. Ruled Florence 1434~1737. Patron of Italian Renaissance arts. Catherine. Marie. Popes Leo X, Clement VII, Leo XI.

Menshikov, Aleksandr. c1672-1729. Ruled Russia for Catherine I.

Minamoto Yoritomo. 1147-99. Founded Shogun system that ruled Japan to 19C.

M’Naghten Rule. 1843. US legal test of capacity to determine right from wrong.

Mortimer, Roger. c1287-1330. Lover of Queen Isabella. Deposed Edward II and ruled 1327-. Executed by Edward III.

Muhammad ’Ali Pasha. 1769-1849. Egyptian Viceroy 1805-48. Killed Mameluks. Aided Ottomans vs Greeks. Dynasty ruled Egypt to 1952.

Munda, Battle. 45BC. Caesar defeats Pompey in Spain to establish rule.

Nader Shah. 1688-1747. Severe ruler of Persia 1736-. Conquered Turks and northern India. Took Koh-i-noor diamond, Peacock Throne.

Napier, John. 1550-1617. Scottish mathematician, invented logarithms 1614. Napiers bones anticipated slide rule. Decimal notation.

Ogadai. 1185-1241. Mongol ruler 1229-41. Conquered China to Poland, Hungary.

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