Free Trade. International commerce free from duties, government restriction or discrimination. Smith.

Freedmen’s Bureau. 1865-72. US agency to help freed slaves during Reconstruction.

Freemasons. Secret fraternal organization based on guilds, chivalry, religious orders. 1717 London Grand Lodge.

Frelimo. 1964-74. Mozambique liberation movement vs Portugal.

Frémont, John. 1813-90. US pioneer, Governor of CA, First senator 1856. First Republican Presidential candidate.

French Guiana. 1604 French settle. 1809 France/Portugal. 1816 French. 1852-1946 Penal colonies. Devil’s Is.

French-Indian Wars. 1754-63. North American part of Seven Years War. France loses all possessions in Canada to Britain.

French Revolution. 1789-99. Monarchy overthrown. Republic established 1792. Caused by Absolutism, financial crisis, Enlightenment. Terror. Napoleon. French Revolutionary Wars.

French Revolution. 1830. After Charles X’s repressive Four Ordinances of St Cloud.

French Revolutionary Wars. 1792-1802. France vs European powers who opposed Revolution. Napoleonic Wars. Coalition. Pillnitz.

French Union. 1946-58. France + Protectorates + overseas Territories. French Community.

Fréron, Louis. 1754-1802. French Revolutionary. Conspired vs Robespierre.

Freud, Sigmund. 1856-1939. Austrian founder of Psychoanalysis. Sexually oriented guilt. First to divide mind into conscious and subconscious. Studies in Hysteria 1895. Interpretation of Dreams 1899.

Friedman, Milton. 1912-. Monetarist economist. Demand is mainly a function of money supply. Keynes. Laissez-faire. Capitalism and Freedom 1962.

Fries’s Rebellion. 1799. Pennsylvanian German-Americans rebel vs property tax. Pardoned by Adams.

Frontier. Moving US boundary between developed east and unsettled west. Opportunity for adventureres, explorers, pioneers.

Functionalism. 1924-45. Architectural movement of Le Corbusier. Austere objects perfected to carry out their function.

Fundamentalism. 1920-. US conservative Protestant movement. Strict scriptural interpretation.

Furetière, Antoine. 1619-88. French satirist/lexicographer. Nouvelle Allégorique 1658. Universal Dictionary 1684.

Fürstenbund. “League of Princes” 1785. Prussian-led association of German states vs Joseph II.

Futurism. 1909-1915. Italian artistic movement founded by Marinetti. Glorified machine age, war and violence. Exemplified by simultaneity of images like strobe effect. Boccioni, Balla.

Gabriel. Archangel. God’s messenger. Made Annunciation to Mary, and revealed Koran to Muhammad.

Gag Rules. 1836-44. Prevented discussion of anti-slavery bills in US Congress.

Gage, Thomas. 1721-87. English general, Governor of Massachussets. 1774-5. Siezed munitions at Concord, American Revolution.

Galileo Galilei. 1564-1642. Italian physicist. Planetary motion. Thermometer 1592. Acceleration of falling bodies 1604. Astronomical telescope 1609. Sunspots 1610. Arrested for heliocentricity, 1632. Rehabilitated by Vatican 1992. Copernicus.

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