Wiesel, Elie. 1928-. Romanian Holocaust victim, author. After the Darkness 2002. Foundation for Humanity. .

Wilkes, John. 1725-97. English journalist, MP, rake. Free press champion. Essays on Women 1764. Expelled and reelected MP.

Williams, Roger. c1603-83. English Calvinist founder of Rhode Island, Providence 1636. Introduced separation of church, state.

Wilson, Woodrow. 1856-1924. US president 1913-21. Idealist. Advocated League of Nations. Prohibition. Women’s vote. Attempted to mediate WWI 1917.

Windows. 12C Glass first used. 14C Mullioned (divided into panes). Tudor introduced bay and oriel. 18C curved bow windows.

Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1889-1951. Austrian/English linguistic philosopher: Philosophical Investigations 1953. Logical Positivism 1921.

Wollstonecraft, Mary. 1759-97. English feminist author. Vindication of the Rights of Women 1792. Mother of Mary W Shelley.

Wolsey, Thomas. c1475-1530. English cardinal. Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII. Lost influence when unable to secure divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Built Hampton Court Palace as gift for Henry VIII. Unpopularity a cause of Reformation.

Women’s Christian Temperance Union. 1874. US movement vs alcoholic drink.

Wood, Grant. 1892-1942. US midwest regionalist painter. American Gothic 1930.

World Bank. 1944. United Nations agency established at Bretton Woods.

World Court. 1899 Permanent Court of Arbitration. 1921 Hague Conference created Permanent Court of International Justice. 1945 International Court of Justice.

World Exhibition at Paris. 1855, 67, 89.

World War I. 1914-18. Allies-France, British Empire, Russia, Italy, US(1917-) vs Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire. Caused by Nationalist movements, Balkan instability, trade rivalry, alliances. 30M casualties. First tanks, chemical, planes, submarines. Ended Russian, Ottoman, Austria-Hungarian Empires.

World War II. 1939-45. Allies-Britain, France, US(1941-), Russia(1941-) vs Axis-Italy, Germany, Japan, Russia(-1941). Caused by German Totalitarian expansionism resulting from WWI reparations and fear of Communism. 55M dead. 35M wounded. 30M refugees. Cost $US 1500B. Led to United Nations, Soviet power, State of Israel, atomic weapons.

Worms, Diet of. 1521. Called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Lutheranism outlawed. Luther declared heretic, exiled. Reformation.

WPA. Works Progress Administration. 1935-43. Employed 8.5M on public works in US during Depression.

Wright, Wilbur. 1867-1912, Orville. 1871-1948. Aviation pioneer. First sustained controlled heavier than air flight, 1903.

WTO. World Trade Organization. 1995. Successor to GATT. Focus of anti-globalization protests. WFTU.

Wyandotte Constitution. 1859. Conclusion of Bleeding Kansas. Rejected slavery, women’s suffrage.

Wyat’s Insurrection. 1554. Failed march on London vs Mary’s marriage to Philip II of Spain. Wyat (son of Thomas Wyat) beheaded.

Wycherley, William. 1640-1716. English satirical Restoration dramatist: Country Wife 1675. Plain Dealer 1676.

Wyclif(fe), John. c1330-84. English religious reformer. Lollard leader. Advocated religion from within rather than mechanical practice. Began First English translation of bible.

Xenophanes. c560-478BC. Greek poet. Founded Eleatics. Change is an illusion. Monotheist.

Xenophon. 431-350BC. Greek general/historian. Expedition of Ten Thousand. Anabasis. Hellenica.

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