Tz’u-hsi. 1835-1908. Dowager empress of China 1861-. Regent for T’ung-chi. Resisted reforms. Boxer Rebellion.

Uccello, Paolo. 1397-1475. Florentine Gothic/Renaissance painter. Perspective pioneer. Flood 1447.

Ugolino della Gherardesca. -1289. Italian Guelf noble. Executed by starvation for treason.

Ukraine. 3C Ostrogoths. Rus. 1240 Golden Horde. 1392 Lithuania. 1569 Poland. 1648 Independent Cossack state. 1654 Muscovy protectorate. 1772 Russia. 1918 Independent. 1923 USSR. 1991 Independent. CIS.

Ulster. 5C Independent kingdom. 1171 De Courci conquers for England. 1594-1601 Failed rebellion. 1610 Presbyterian Scots settle. 1920 Northern Ireland.

Ulster Troubles. 1969-. Unionist attack on civil rights march led to revival of hostilities.

Umbrella. 8CBC Assyrian invention.

Uncle Sam. Personification of US government first appeared in Troy Post based on “Uncle” Sam Wilson who supplied army beef stamped US 1813.

Union. The North. States which did not secede during the American Civil War. Confederacy.

Union Act. 1707. England and Scotland united as Great Britain. One parliament; separate law and religion. 1801-1921. Ireland and Great Britain united as United Kingdom. Proposed by Irish Parliament 1799. Ireland Act. Anglo-Irish Treaty.

Union Jack. 1606. English St. George (red cross) + Scottish St. Andrew (white diagonal). 1801 + Irish St. Patrick (red diagonal).

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. USSR. 1917 Communist revolution, Civil War. 1923 Union of states. 1939 +Galicia. 1940 +Baltic States, Bessarabia, Karelia. 1945 +Ruthenia. Recognized: 1923 US, 1924 Britain, 1940 Yugoslavia. 1991 Dissolved. Russia.

United Arab Emirates. 1820 = Trucial States. 1892 British protectorate. 1971 Independent federation.

United Empire Loyalists. 18C. Colonists who supported Britain during American Revolution, went to Canada.

United Irishmen. 1791. Underground organization founded by Wolfe Tone. Irish Rebellion 1797-98.

United Nations. UN. 1945. Charter signed by 50 nations at San Francisco. To safeguard world peace and protect human rights. Most countries members now. 15 agencies for education, relief. Trusteeship .

United Provinces of Central America. CAF.

United States of America. USA. 40,000-20,000BC Asians settle. 1492-1776 Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands, Britain colonize. 1776 American Revolution. 1783 Thirteen Colonies independent. Manifest Destiny. 1845 +Texas. 1848 +California. 1867 +Alaska. 1898 +Hawaii, Puerto Rico.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 1948. United Nations list of rights to be accorded people by their governments. Rejected by USSR, China, Poland, Yugoslavia, Ukraine, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, many Moslem countries. Signed by Russia, 1996.

Unkiar Skelessi, Treaty. 1833-41. Russia/Ottoman mutual defence alliance. Straits Convention.

Upanishads. 1000-600BC. Elaboration of Vedas dealing with nature of reality.

Uranus. Early Greek personification of the heavens. Father of Titans.

Urquiza, Justo de. 1801-70. Overthrew dictator, de Rosas. Argentine Confederation president 1854-60.

Ursulines. 1535. Roman Catholic order founded by Angela Merci for the education of women.

Ussher, James. 1581-1656. Irish theologian. Calculated the Creation as 4004BC according to Bible.

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