Bell Book and Candle. Roman Catholic excommunication.

Belle-Isle, Charles. 1684-1761. French marshal. Involved French in Austrian Succession War.

Bellini, Giovanni. c1429-1516. Venetian Renaissance painter. New sensuous realism of form and color. Adoration of the Magi. St. Francis 1480.

Belloc, Hilaire. 1870-1953. French/English writer: Bad Child’s Book of Beasts 1896. Cautionary Tales 1907.

Belsen. 1933-45. Nazi concentration camp. Commandant Kramer executed.

Ben Bella, Ahmed. 1918-. Algerian Socialist revolutionary. President 1962-5. House arrest 1965-79.

Ben Gurion, David. 1886-1973. Polish/Israeli Labour pol. First Prime Minister of Israel, 1948~63. “Architect of Israel”.

Benelux. 1948-93. Economic union of Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg. EU.

Beneš, Eduard. 1884-1948. Czech Nationalist, President, 1935-8,46-. Little Entente.

Bengal Famine. 1770. 1/3 of population died. No British aid.

Bengal Partition. 1905-11. Split for administrative ease. Creates nationalistic opposition.

Bentham, Jeremy. 1748-1832. English Utilitarian philosopher, jurist. Principles of Morals and Legislation 1789. Fragment on Government 1776.“Greatest happiness for the greatest number”.

Bentley, Richard. 1662-1742. English classical scholar. Restored texts. Editions of Horace, Terence, Aesop.

Benz, Karl. 1844-1929. German engineer. 1885 internal combustion engine driven car.

Berbers. Caucasian North African peoples, mostly Moslem. Nomadic since 12C Arab invasions. Almohads. Almoravids. Barbary.

Berengar of Tours. c999-1088. Questioned transubstantiation 1044.

Berg, Alban. 1885-1935. Austrian opera composer. Adopted 12-note method. Atonal-tonal fusion. Wozzeck 1925.

Bergerac, Peace. 1577. Ends 6th French War of Religion.

Bergson, Henri. 1859-1941. Philosopher. Creative Evolution 1907. The life force. Vitalism.

Beria, Laurenty. 1899-1953. Soviet commisar in charge of Stalin’s security police 1938-.

Berlin Conference. 1884. Bismarck called 15 nations to resolve African issues. Congo granted independence. Slavery suppressed.

Berlin Wall. 1961-89. Soviet troops erect. US guarantees West Berlin’s freedom.

Berlioz, Hector. 1803-1869. French Romantic composer. Grandiose themes directly from feelings.Symph. Fantastique 1830. Romeo and Juliette 1839. Treatise on Orchestration 1844. Damnation of Faust 1846.

Bernadette, St. Soubirous. 1844-79. French girl. Visions at Lourdes, 1858.

Bertin, Jean. 1917-75. French engineer. Jet silencers; air cushion vehicles.

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