Perpetual Alliance. 1291. Association of Swiss Cantons which engendered today’s Confederation.

Persian Wars. 490-479BC. Greek city-states repel Persian invasion.

Pestalozzi, Johann. 1746-1827. Swiss educator. Modern primary education system. Paced development from familiar to new. Lienhard and Gertrude 1781-9. How Gertrude Teaches 1801.

Pétain, Philippe. 1856-1951. Defender at Verdun, 1916. Armistice 1940. Vichy Prime Minister 1940-42. German puppet 1942-4. Life sentence for collaboration after liberation.

Peterloo Massacre. 1819. Peaceful Manchester demonstration for parliamentary reform suppressed by cavalry. 500 casualties. Ultra tories limit freedom of press, assembly.

Petersburg Campaign. 1864-5. Virginia. Final action of American Civil War leading to Confederate defeat.

Petit Palais. Built for 1900 World Exhibition. Paris Museum of Fine Arts.

Petition of Rights. 1628. Accepted by Charles I, limiting British monarch’s powers.

Petöfi, Sándor. 1823-49. Hungarian lyric poet. Hero of the 1848-9 revolution. Poetry of Liberation. János Vitéz 1845.

Phalanx. 7C BC. Greek infantry formation in 8 rows.

Phenomenology. Philosophy. Analysis of phenomena without preconceptions by conscious mind. Husserl.

Philip II. 1165-1223. French Capetian king 1179-. 3rd Crusade. Conquered Flanders. Doubled France. Fought Richard the Lion Heart for Angevin Empire.

Philip II. 1527-98. Spanish king. Revolt, 1579. Married Mary I of England. Sent Armada against Elizabeth I, 1588. Counter-Reformation champion.

Philip IV. 1605-65. Spanish king 1621-. Lost Portugal, Catalonia, Utrecht.

Philip V. 1683-1746. First Bourbon king of Spain 1700-. Accession led to War of Spanish Succession, loss of Netherlands and Italian possessions. War of Polish Succession.

Philippics. Acrimonious orations of Demosthenes against Philip II of Macedonia.

Philippine Insurrection. 1899-1902. Filipinos rebel vs US rule.

Philippine Revolution. 1896-8. For independence from Spain allowed US control. Insurrection.

Phillips, Wendell. 1811-84. US abolitionist, women’s suffrage, prohibition crusader.

Phocaea. Ionian city. Settled Anatolia 10C BC. Colonized Dardanelles, Mediterranean, Black Sea.

Physiocrats. 18C. Agricultural based philosophy. Land is source of all wealth. Elimination of controls over economy. Laissez-Faire. Quesnay. Turgot.

Physiognomism. Belief in the relationship between personality types and facial characteristics. Lavater. Aristotle.

Pickens, Andrew. 1739-1817. American Revolutionary. Captured Atlanta.

Pickering, Edward. 1846-1919. US pioneer of stellar spectroscopy, photometry.

Pilate, Pontius. -c39. Roman governor of Judea, who allowed Christ’s crucifixion.

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