Omar. 581-644. Second Moslem caliph. Invaded Syria, Egypt, Persia. Established taxation.

Oneida Community. 19C US Perfectionist religious commune founded by Noyes....Oneida silver co.

Ontological Argument. God exists as the most perfect human conception.

Op art. 20C style incorporating optical illusion of movement. Vasarely. Riley.

OPEC. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. 1961- International cartel sets prices by controlling supply. Created oil shortage 1973.

Orange Free State. 1820 Boer colony. 1848 British. 1854 Independent. 1900 British. 1910 Union of South Africa. Boer War.

Orangemen. 1795- Irish Protestant political faction.

Oregon Question. 1818-46. Britain vs US on Canadian border. Treaty established 49°N 1846.

Orion. Greek mythical hunter.

Orléans, Philippe II, duc d’. 1674-1723. French soldier Wars of Grand Alliance, Spanish Succession. Regent for Louis XV.

Osama bin Laden. 1957-. Wahabi Saudi Arabian construction magnate turned terrorist. World Trade Center. Taliban. al-Qaeda.

Osiris. Vegetation god who introduced civilization to Egypt. God of underworld.

Ottawa Conference. 1932. British Empire creates Imperial Preference during Depression.

Ottoman Empire. 1300-1922. Turkish empire in Balkans, Near East, N Africa. Conquered Byzantine Empire. 1402 Destroyed by Tamerlane. 1413 Rebuilt by Mehmed. 1453 Conquered Constantinople. Eastern Question. Mehmed II. Süleiman the Magnificent. Turkey.

Outer Space Treaty. 1967. International cooperation in space. Controlled military uses. 70+ signatories.

Overlord, Operation. = Normandy Invasion.

Oxford, Provisions of. 1258-66. Reforms barons forced on Henry III. Annulled, modified. Led to Provisions of Westminster, Barons War.

Oxford English Dictionary. 1884-1928. 10 volumes, 2.4 million quotations. OED2 1989. James Murray.

Oxford Group. 1921- Early form of Buchmanism stressing group confessions.

Pacification of Ghent. 1576. Catholic, Protestant truce in Netherlands to revolt vs Spanish occupiers.

Pacifism. Ethical, philosophical, or moral opposition to war or violence.

Padilla, Juan de. 1490-1521. Spanish revolutionary. Led Communeros vs Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Executed.

Páez, José. 1790-1873. Venezuelan revolutionary with Bolivar. First president 1831~43. Dictator 1861-3.

Paganini, Niccolo. 1782-1840. Italian violinist, composer. Revolutionized harmonics use. Capricci 1801-7.

Pakistan. 25C BC Indus civilization. 15C BC Aryan. 6C Achaemenid. 326 Alexander. 4C BC Maurya Empire. c50 AD Kushan. 4C Gupta. 5C Hun. 8C Moslem. 11C Turks. 1206 Delhi Sultanate. 1526 Mogul. 1780 Sikh. 1840 British India. 1947 Independent. 1956 Islamic Republic. 1971 -Bangladesh.

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