Louis III. 863-82. French King 879-. Withstood Norse invasion.

Louis VIII. The Lionheart. 1187-1226. French King 1223-. Invaded England 1216-7. Albigensian Crusade 1226.

Louis XIV Style. 1638-1715. Rich decoration as at Versailles. Poussin. Le Nôtre.

Louis XV. 1710-74. French King 1715-. Incompetence led to lost prestige, French Revolution. Philippe, duc d’Orléans.

Louis XV Style. 1715-74. Superior craftsmanship. Rococo decoration. Boucher.

Louis XVI. 1754-93. French King 1774-92. Bankrupted Government. French Revolution. Guillotined 1793.

Louis XVII. 1785-95. Nominal French king during Revolution.

Louvois, Marquis de. 1639-91. Louis XIV War Minister. Reformed army. Enforced Nantes revocation. Supervised construction of Invalides, Vendôme.

Love Generation. 1960-9. Term applied to hippies who rejected past values for instant pleasures of drugs and music.

Lublin Union. 1569-1792. Poland and Lithuania.

Luddites. 1811-16. Workers who destroyed machines to stop the Industrial Revolution. Led by mythical Ned Ludd.

Lukin, Lionel. 1742-1834. English inventor of first safe life boat 1785.

Lundy’s Lane, Battle. 1814. Canada defeats US invasion. War of 1812.

Lunéville, Treaty. 1801. Austria quit French Revolutionary War. Pope Pius VII restored.

Luther, Martin. 1483-1546. German Christian reformer opposed to indulgences. Wittenberg. -’Even if heaven and hell do not exist, education is important’ Justification by faith alone. Melanchthon. 95 Theses 1517. Treatise on Christian Liberty. New Testament translated to vernacular 1522. Catechisms 1529. Canticles 1533. Excommunicated 1520, burns Papal Bull. Choral composer: moral effects of music.

Lutheranism. Conservative Protestant sect of Germany and Scandinavia. Salvation through faith alone.

Luxembourg. 1C BC Rome. 459 Franks. 963 Independent county «Holy Roman Empire. 1354 Duchy. 1443 Burgundy. 1472~1795 Hapsburg. 1555 Spanish. 1684 French. 1697 Spanish. 1714 Austrian. 1795 French. 1815 Dutch «German Confederation. 1839 Belgian(W)/Autonomous. 1867 Independent neutral. 1914-18, 1940-44 German occupation. 1948 Neutrality ends.

Luxemburg, Rosa. 1871-1919. German revolutionary theoritician, agitator. Founded Spartacus Party.

Lvov, Prince Georgi. 1861-1925. Russian leader of Provisional Government, 1917.

Lyons, Council, 2nd. 1274. Union of East, West churches. Later repudiated by Greek clergy. Schism.

Maastricht, Treaty. 1993. Established European Union. Common citizenship, currency and free trade.

MacArthur, Douglas. 1880-1964. US Pacific Allied commander, WWII. Commanded Japanese occupation. Led UN forces in Korean War.

Macaulay, Thomas. 1800-59. British politician, writer. Essays 1843. History of England 1849-61 the “Whig interpretation of history”.

MacBride, Seán. 1904-88. Irish statesman. Founded Republican Party 1946. Foreign minister 1948-1951. Founder, chairman 1961-75 Amnesty International. Assistant UN Secretary General.

Mad Parliament. 1258. Barons give financial aid to Henry III in exchange for reform. Oxford Provisions.

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