Crucifixion. Abolished 4C by Constantine.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Crystal Palace. 1851. Built for the Great Exhibition, London. First iron-framed. Burned, 1936. Paxton.

Cuba. Ciboney, Arawak. 1492 Columbus discovers. 1511 Spanish colony. 1517 Slaves brought. 1898 US. Spanish-American War. 1902 Republic. 1957-9 Castro Revolution, Communist dictatorship.

Cuban Missile Crisis. 1962. Kennedy blockades Cuba to prevent Soviet missile installation.

Cuban Revolution. 1956-9. Castro overthrows Batista.

Cuchulain. Legendary powerful Irish warrior.

Culloden, Battle. 1746. Ended Jacobite Rebellion.

Culpeper’s Rebellion. 1677-79. Carolina colonists vs England. Establish their own government.

Cultural Revolution. 1966-9. Mao’s Red Guards purge China of bourgeois, capitalist elements.

Cunaxa, Battle. 401BC. Failed revolt vs Artaxerxes II. Retreat of the Ten Thousand.

Curia. Roman political division.

Curie, Irene. Joliot-Curie.

Cush. Ancient kingdom in Sudan = Nubia = ancient Ethiopia.

Cuza, Alexandru. 1820-73. First Prince of Romania, 1859-66. Freed serfs. Educational reform.

Cycladic Civilization. Paralleled Minoan and Mycenaean.

Cynewulf. c750. English religious poet. Ascension.

Cynicism. 4C BC-6C. Greek philosophy. Antisthenes. Diogenes.

Cyprus. Stone, Bronze Age civilizations. 1450BC Egypt. 1200BC Greek. 1000 Phoenicia. 709 Assyria. 569 Egypt. 6C Persia. 333 Macedonia. 294 Egypt. 47BC Rome...330 AD Byzantine. 7C Moslem. 1191 Crusaders. 1489 Venice. 1571 Turk. 1878 British lease...1914 Britain annexes. 1927 Crown Colony. 1960 Republic. 1963-4 Civil War, Greece and Turkey intervene. 1974 Turkey invades, partition.

Cyprus Revolt. 1925-31. For union with Greece.

Czechoslovakia. 1918 Formed in breakup of Austro-Hungarian Empire. 1920 Little Entente. 1938 -Sudetenland. 1939-45 German occupation. 1949 People’s Democratic Republic. 1968 Prague Spring. 1991 Republic. 1993 Split into Czech Republic and Slovakia.

Czechoslovakia Intervention. 1968. Russian troops end Dubcek reform policies. Warsaw Pact maintains right to intervene anywhere Socialism is threatened.

D-Day. June 6, 1944. Normandy Landing.

Dabrowski, Jan. 1755-1818. Polish general under Napoleon, hero in rebellion vs Russia.

Dachau. 1933-45. Nazi concentration camp.

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