John III. The Fortunate. 1502-57. King of Portugal 1521-. Instituted Inquisition.

John VIII. -882. Pope 872-. Paid Saracens for protection. Slavs allowed liturgy in Slavic.

John of Lancaster. 1389-1435. English regent of France. Allowed Joan of Arc’s execution.

John of Leiden. 1509-36. Dutch leader of Anabaptist rebellion 1534.

John Paul II. 1920-. Poland. Authoritarian conservative pope 1978-. Wounded 1981 by Islamic fanatic. Most trips. More canonization than previous popes combined.

Johnson, Amy. 1903-41. Pioneer British airwoman.

Johnson, Andrew. 1808-75. US President 1865-9. Reconstruction. Civil Rights Act 1866. Barely acquitted in impeachment trial.

Johnson, Lyndon. 1908-73. US president 1963-9. Great Society program. Education Act. Medicare. Vietnam War.

Johnson, Pauline. 1861-1913. Canadian Nationalist métis poet. The song my paddle sings.

Johnson, Samuel. 1709-84. English lexicographer. Dictionary 1755. Subject of Boswell biography.

Joliot-Curie, Frédéric. 1900-58, and Irène. 1897-1956. Discovered Uranium fission 1934. Artificial radioactive substances.

Jones, John Paul. 1747-92. Scottish/American US Revolutionary naval hero. -“I have not yet begun to fight”.

Joseph I. 1678-1711. Holy Roman Emperor 1705-. Supported Charles VI vs France in War of Spanish Succession.

Joseph II. 1741-90. Holy Roman Emperor, 1765-. Enlightened despot. Edict of Tolerance. Dominated by mother, Maria Theresa -1780.

Josiah. c640-609BC. King of Judah. Deuteronomy found in Temple. Religious reforms.

Joukov, Gheorgi. 1896-1974. Soviet marshal, won battles of Moscow 1941, Stalingrad 1943.

Joule, James. 1818-89. English physicist. Mechanics of energy. Law of Conservation of Energy. Energy unit, 1843.

Jourdan, Jean. 1762-1833. French Revolutionary marshal. Introduced conscription 1798. Victor at Fleurus.

Joyce, James. 1882-1941. Innovative Irish writer in Stream of Consciousness style. Experimented with linguistic techniques. Dubliners 1914. Portrait of the Artist 1916. Ulysses 1922. Finnegan’s Wake 1939.

Juárez, Benito. 1806-72. Mexican hero. Leader 1855~. Overthrew Santa Anna. La Reforma.

Judah ha-Levi. c1075-1141. Jewish poet, philosopher in Spain. Ode to Zion.

Judaism. Monotheistic religion founded by Abraham, who had covenant with God. Branches include: Orthodox. 19C-. Rigorous adherence to original Jewish Law; Rabbinic. 70-18C. Priest replaced by Rabbi. Sacrifice...Study of Torah. Temple...Synagogue; Reform. 19C. Modern liberal interpretation of Judaism. Hasidism. Mishna. Moses.

Judas Iscariot. c30. Apostle who betrayed Jesus. Suicide.

Judo. 19C-.Oriental self defence not in conflict with non-violent religion. Modification of jujitsu.

Julian Calendar. 45BC-1582. Julius Caesar’s 90 day correction to calendar. Changed to 365.25 day year. Corrected by Gregory. Christian Era.

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